feat(docker): cache apt archives to the Docker build cache

[youtalk]

Description

• [x] #4789

This PR uses docker build cache mounts to cache downloaded apt packages.

https://docs.docker.com/build/guide/mounts/#add-a-cache-mount

If the same version of the deb binary has already been downloaded in a past build, the current build will skip the download and use the cached binary, reducing transfer volume and speeding up the build process.

Tests performed

https://github.com/autowarefoundation/autoware/actions/runs/9283929529

Effects on system behavior

Not applicable.

Interface changes

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[youtalk]

Hmm... It occurs the disk full problem again.　https://github.com/autowarefoundation/autoware/actions/runs/9248273797/job/25438322811

[oguzkaganozt]

@youtalk, I just removed upload-artifact lines from our build pipeline for now with this PR and hopefully we can merge it, after this action succeeds

[oguzkaganozt]

@youtalk could you re-test this branch again with the build action ? Then we can merge it i think

[youtalk]

@oguzkaganozt I've merged the latest main branch and restart the build action. https://github.com/autowarefoundation/autoware/actions/runs/9276872817