Upgrade everything on Bazel CI!

[meteorcloudy]

Things we should upgrade on CI:

• [ ] Machine type: c2-standard-30 -> c3d-standard-30
• [ ] Linux VM base image: ubuntu-2004-lts -> ubuntu-2404-lts
• [ ] Windows VM base image: windows-2019-core -> windows-2022-core
• [ ] Mac VM OS version: macOS Sonoma -> macOS Sequoia

New platform support:

• [ ] Linux arm64

New Linux distribution:

• [ ] Debian 12

[meteorcloudy]

For Linux VM upgrade, we need to be careful due to https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/issues/24081