received name conflict or invalid files error, but the input was the downloaded output of TC.
Example file:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<bio:treatment xmlns:bio="http://www.github.com/biosemantics" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.github.com/biosemanticshttp://raw.githubusercontent.com/biosemantics/schemas/0.0.1/semanticMarkupOutput.xsd">
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<author>Peter W. Ball; A. A. Reznicek; David F. Murray</author>
<date />
<title />
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<processor>
<date>2014/08/12 13:36:29</date>
<software type="Semantic Markup" version="0.1.6">CharaParser</software>
<operator>Jocelyn Pender (pender.jocelyn@gmail.com)</operator>
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<other_info_on_meta type="citation">Bruhl, J. 1995. Sedge genera of the world: Relationships and a new classification of the Cyperaceae. Austral. Syst. Bot. 8: 125–305.</other_info_on_meta>
<other_info_on_meta type="citation">Goetghebeur, P. 1998. Cyperaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 4+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 4, pp. 141–190.</other_info_on_meta>
<other_info_on_meta type="citation">Mackenzie, K. K. 1931–1935. Cyperaceae [in part]. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora…. 47+ vols. New York. Vol. 18, parts 1–7, pp. 1–478.</other_info_on_meta>
<other_info_on_meta type="citation">Simpson, D. A. and C. A. Inglis. 2001. Cyperaceae of economic, ethnobotanical and horticultural importance: A checklist. Kew Bull. 56: 257–360.</other_info_on_meta>
<other_info_on_meta type="citation">Svenson, H. K. 1957. Cyperaceae. Tribe 2, Scirpeae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora.... 47+ vols. New York. Vol. 18, pp. 505–556.</other_info_on_meta>
<other_info_on_meta type="citation">Tucker, G. C. 1987. The genera of Cyperaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 68: 361–445.</other_info_on_meta>
<other_info_on_meta type="number_of_infrataxa">Genera ca. 100, species ca. 5000 (27 genera, 843 species in the flora):</other_info_on_meta>
<other_info_on_meta type="common_name">Sedge Family</other_info_on_meta>
</meta>
<taxon_identification status="ACCEPTED">
<taxon_name authority="Jussieu" rank="family">CYPERACEAE</taxon_name>
</taxon_identification>
<description type="morphology">
<statement id="d0_s0">
<text>Herbs, annual or perennial, cespitose or not, rhizomatous or not, stoloniferous or not.</text>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s1">
<text>Roots fibrous, principally adventitious.</text>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s2">
<text>Stems (culms )usually trigonous, occasionally terete, rarely compressed, usually solid, rarely hollow or septate.</text>
<structure id="o284" name="whole_organism" name_original="">
<character name="duration" value="annual" />
<character name="duration" value="perennial" />
<character name="growth_form" value="cespitose" />
<character name="growth_form" value="not" />
<character name="architecture" value="rhizomatous" />
<character name="architecture" value="not" />
<character name="architecture" value="stoloniferous" />
<character name="architecture" value="not" />
<character name="growth_form" value="herb" />
<character name="texture" value="fibrous" />
<character modifier="principally" name="derivation" value="adventitious" />
<character modifier="usually" name="shape" value="trigonous" />
<character modifier="occasionally" name="shape" value="terete" />
<character modifier="rarely" name="shape" value="compressed" />
<character modifier="usually" name="architecture" value="solid" />
<character modifier="rarely" name="architecture" value="hollow" />
<character name="architecture" value="septate" />
</structure>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s3">
<text>Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate, usually 3-ranked, rarely 2-ranked or multi-ranked, bases forming cylindric sheaths enclosing stem, margins usually fused;</text>
<structure id="o286" name="sheath" name_original="sheaths">
<character name="shape" value="cylindric" />
</structure>
<structure id="o287" name="stem" name_original="stem" />
<relation from="o285" id="r44" name="bases" negation="false" to="o286" />
<relation from="o285" id="r45" name="enclosing" negation="false" to="o287" />
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s4">
<text>junction of sheaths and blades often with adaxial flaps of tissue or fringes of hair (ligules );</text>
<structure constraint="adaxial" id="o288" name="flap" name_original="flaps" />
<structure id="o289" name="hair" name_original="hair" />
<relation from="o285" id="r46" modifier="of sheaths and blades" name="with" negation="false" to="o288" />
<relation from="o288" id="r47" modifier="of tissue or fringes" name="part_of" negation="false" to="o289" />
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s5">
<text>blades frequently absent from some basal leaves, rarely from cauline leaves, when present divergent or ascending, flat, folded, plicate, rolled, or terete, linear, venation parallel.</text>
<structure constraint="basal" id="o290" name="leaf" name_original="leaves" />
<structure constraint="cauline" id="o291" name="leaf" name_original="leaves">
<character modifier="when present or" name="arrangement" value="divergent" />
<character name="orientation" value="ascending" />
<character name="prominence_or_shape" value="flat" />
<character name="architecture_or_shape" value="folded" />
<character name="architecture_or_arrangement_or_shape" value="plicate" />
<character name="shape" value="terete" />
<character name="arrangement_or_shape" value="linear" />
<character name="venation" value="parallel" />
</structure>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s6">
<text>Primary inflorescences (spikelets )a shortened axis;</text>
<structure id="o285" name="leaf" name_original="leaves">
<character name="position" value="basal" />
<character name="position" value="and/or" />
<character name="position" value="cauline" />
<character name="arrangement" value="alternate" />
<character modifier="usually" name="arrangement" value="3-ranked" />
<character modifier="rarely" name="arrangement" value="2-ranked" />
<character name="arrangement" value="multi-ranked" />
<character modifier="usually" name="fusion" value="fused" />
<character constraint="from basal leaves" constraintid="o290" modifier="frequently" name="count" value="0" />
<character name="position" value="primary" />
</structure>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s7">
<text>glumaceous bracts (scales )1–many, spirally arranged, sometimes 2-ranked, usually appressed or ascending;</text>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s8">
<text>scales usually all fertile, each subtending a single flower, sometimes proximal and/or distal scales empty;</text>
<structure id="o292" name="axis" name_original="axis">
<character name="length" value="shortened" />
<character char_type="range_value" from="1" name="count" to="many" />
<character modifier="spirally" name="arrangement" value="arranged" />
<character modifier="sometimes" name="arrangement" value="2-ranked" />
<character modifier="usually" name="orientation" value="appressed" />
<character name="orientation" value="ascending" />
<character modifier="usually" name="reproduction" value="fertile" />
</structure>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s9">
<text>lateral spikes often with basal, usually empty, usually 2-keeled scale (prophyll );</text>
<structure id="o293" name="flower" name_original="flower">
<character name="position" value="subtending" />
<character name="count" value="single" />
<character modifier="sometimes" name="position" value="proximal" />
<character name="position" value="distal" />
<character constraint="often with scale" constraintid="o294" name="position" value="lateral" />
</structure>
<structure id="o294" name="scale" name_original="scale">
<character name="position" value="basal" />
<character modifier="usually; usually" name="shape" value="2-keeled" />
</structure>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s10">
<text>occasionally prophyll subtending and enclosing rachilla, bearing 1 pistillate, sometimes (0– )3 staminate flowers and empty scales (Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia ).</text>
<structure constraint="occasionally" id="o295" name="prophyll" name_original="prophyll">
<character name="position" value="subtending" />
<character name="count" value="1" />
<character name="architecture" value="pistillate" />
<character char_type="range_value" from="0" modifier="sometimes" name="atypical_count" to="3" to_inclusive="false" />
<character modifier="sometimes" name="count" value="3" />
</structure>
<structure id="o296" name="rachillum" name_original="rachilla" />
<relation from="o295" id="r48" name="enclosing" negation="false" to="o296" />
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s11">
<text>Secondary inflorescences panicles, often modified to corymb, pseudoumbel, cyme (anthela ), raceme, spike, or capitulum (head ), rarely single spike, usually subtended by foliaceous or, less frequently, glumaceous bracts;</text>
<structure id="o297" name="corymb" name_original="corymb">
<character modifier="often" name="development" value="modified" />
</structure>
<structure id="o298" name="cyme" name_original="cyme" />
<structure id="o299" name="raceme" name_original="raceme" />
<structure id="o300" name="spike" name_original="spike" />
<structure id="o301" name="capitulum" name_original="capitulum" />
<structure id="o303" name="bract" name_original="bracts">
<character name="architecture" value="foliaceous" />
</structure>
<relation from="o302" id="r49" modifier="usually; usually" name="subtended by" negation="false" to="o303" />
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s12">
<text>secondary inflorescences sometimes simulating spikelets (Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia ).</text>
<structure id="o304" name="spikelet" name_original="spikelets" />
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s13">
<text>Flowers hypogynous, bisexual in most genera, unisexual in Scleria, Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia;</text>
<structure id="o302" name="spike" name_original="spike">
<character modifier="rarely" name="count" value="single" />
<character name="position" value="hypogynous" />
</structure>
<structure id="o305" name="genus" name_original="genera">
<character name="reproduction" value="bisexual" />
</structure>
<structure id="o306" name="sclerium" name_original="scleria">
<character name="reproduction" value="unisexual" />
</structure>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s14">
<text>perianth absent or with (1– )3–6 (–30 )bristles and/or scales, usually falling off with fruit;</text>
<structure id="o308" name="fruit" name_original="fruit" />
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s15">
<text>stamens usually (1– )3, rarely more, usually distinct;</text>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s16">
<text>anthers basifixed;</text>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s17">
<text>pistils 1, 2–3 (–4 )-carpellate, fused, locule 1;</text>
<structure id="o307" name="perianth" name_original="perianth">
<character constraint="with (1-)3-6(-30) bristles" name="count" value="0" />
<character name="count" value="with (1-)3-6(-30) bristles" />
<character constraint="with fruit" constraintid="o308" modifier="usually" name="life_cycle" value="falling" />
<character char_type="range_value" from="1" modifier="usually" name="atypical_count" to="3" to_inclusive="false" />
<character modifier="usually" name="count" value="3" />
<character modifier="rarely; usually" name="fusion" value="distinct" />
<character name="fixation" value="basifixed" />
<character name="count" value="1" />
</structure>
<structure id="o309" name="whole_organism" name_original="">
<character name="architecture" value="2-3(-4)-carpellate" />
<character name="fusion" value="fused" />
</structure>
<structure id="o310" name="locule" name_original="locule">
<character name="count" value="1" />
</structure>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s18">
<text>style undivided or branches 2–3 (–4 );</text>
<structure id="o311" name="style" name_original="style">
<character name="shape" value="undivided" />
<character name="shape" value="branches" />
<character char_type="range_value" from="3" from_inclusive="false" name="atypical_count" to="4" />
<character char_type="range_value" from="2" name="count" to="3" />
</structure>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s19">
<text>stigma sometimes papillate.</text>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s20">
<text>Fruits achenes, usually trigonous or biconvex;</text>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s21">
<text>pericarps thin (except in Scleria ).</text>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s22">
<text>Seeds 1;</text>
<structure id="o312" name="stigma" name_original="stigma">
<character modifier="sometimes" name="relief" value="papillate" />
<character modifier="usually" name="shape" value="trigonous" />
<character name="shape" value="biconvex" />
<character name="width" value="thin" />
<character name="count" value="1" />
</structure>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s23">
<text>testa thin, free from pericarp;</text>
<structure id="o313" name="testa" name_original="testa">
<character name="width" value="thin" />
<character constraint="from pericarp" constraintid="o314" name="fusion" value="free" />
</structure>
<structure id="o314" name="pericarp" name_original="pericarp" />
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s24">
<text>embryo basal;</text>
<structure id="o315" name="embryo" name_original="embryo">
<character name="position" value="basal" />
</structure>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s25">
<text>endosperm abundant.</text>
</statement>
<statement id="d0_s26">
<text>x = 5–ca. 100.</text>
<structure id="o316" name="endosperm" name_original="endosperm">
<character name="count" value="abundant" />
</structure>
<structure id="o317" name="chromosome" name_original="">
<character char_type="range_value" from="5" name="count" to="100" />
</structure>
</statement>
</description>
<description type="distribution">
<statement id="distribution0">
<text>worldwide.</text>
</statement>
</description>
<discussion>No consensus exists regarding the number of genera and the overall relationships of genera within Cyperaceae. The most recent account of the family (P. Goetghebeur 1998) recognized 104 genera distributed among 4 subfamilies and 14 tribes. That arrangement differs somewhat from that of J. Bruhl (1995). With one minor exception the arrangement of the family here follows that of Goetghebeur.</discussion>
<discussion>The family is characterized by the occurrence of a number of unusual cytological features including: (1) chromosomes with diffuse centromeres, (2) post-reductional meiosis, and (3) pollen grains formed from tetrads in which 3 of the 4 microspores fail to develop. The first two features are found in at least some Juncaceae and are unique to the two families. Juncaceae also have pollen in tetrads, but in that family all four microspores produce pollen grains. Some species in some genera of Cyperaceae (particularly Eleocharis) possess chromosomes with localized centromeres (S. S. Bir et al. 1993). The wide range of chromosome numbers found in Cyperaceae is largely because of agmatoploidy; polyploidy has been hypothesized for some genera, especially Eleocharis, although polyploidy has not been demonstrated unequivocally.</discussion>
<discussion>Because of morphologic similarities in vegetative and inflorescence characters, the family has commonly been associated with Poaceae. Cytological features discussed above clearly indicate that to be a superficial similarity. Data from rbcL studies also support the view that Cyperaceae and Poaceae are not closely related (M. R. Duvall et al. 1993b; G. M. Plunkett et al. 1995); they do support the concept of close relationship between Cyperaceae and Juncaceae.</discussion>
<discussion>For most families of flowering plants the phenological data given are flowering times. Because most Cyperaceae cannot be reliably identified when in flower, in this volume fruiting time is given for all species by season, sometimes qualified by early, mid, or late, or by months. The fruiting time has been interpreted broadly to include the period when the fruit is more or less fully formed but not yet ripe. The fruiting period provided covers the entire range of the taxon. Quite a difference between fruiting periods in different parts of the range of the species may well occur, especially for widespread species and species with extensive elevation range.</discussion>
<discussion>For a recent, comprehensive review of the economic importance of Cyperaceae, see D. A. Simpson and C. A. Inglis (2001).</discussion>
<number>210.</number>
<key>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>1.</statement_id>
<statement>Flowers and achenes partially to completely enclosed in scalelike structure (perigynium); perigynium in axil of scale ; flowers unisexual (see Plate 1. A, B, C).</statement>
<next_statement_id>2.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>2.</statement_id>
<statement>Perigynia open to 1 side, at least some containing 1–3 staminate flowers as well as 1</statement>
<determination>25. Kobresia , p. 252</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>2.</statement_id>
<statement>Perigynia closed except for pore at tip through which style protrudes, always containing only 1 pistillate flower (see Plate 1. B, C).</statement>
<next_statement_id>3.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>3.</statement_id>
<statement>Culms usually with several blade-bearing leaves, sometimes all basal; blades flat, V -shaped, M -shaped, rarely terete or involute in cross section, commonly less than</statement>
<determination>26. Carex , p. 254</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>3.</statement_id>
<statement>Culms with 1(–2) basal leaves; blades flat, usually 2–5 cm wide, without evident</statement>
<determination>27. Cymophyllus , p. 573</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>1.</statement_id>
<statement>Flowers and achenes not enclosed in scalelike perigynium; flowers in axil of scale; flowers usually bisexual, sometimes some, rarely all, flowers unisexual.</statement>
<next_statement_id>4.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>4.</statement_id>
<statement>Flowers with perianth of 1 or more hairs, bristles, scales, or bristles and scales, usually persistent on achene (see Plate 1. D, E, F; Plate 2. A).</statement>
<next_statement_id>5.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>5.</statement_id>
<statement>Perianth of hairs or bristles, much exceeding subtending scales in fruit, more than 2 times as long as achene, including persistent style base, if present (see Plate 1. D).</statement>
<next_statement_id>6.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>6.</statement_id>
<statement>Perianth hairs strongly curled, tangled in fruit (woolly in appearance)</statement>
<determination>1. Scirpus (in part), p. 8</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>6.</statement_id>
<statement>Perianth hairs ± straight, not tangled (silky in appearance).</statement>
<next_statement_id>7.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>7.</statement_id>
<statement>Perianth hairs (8–)10+ in each flower; spikelets (excluding hairs) 1+ cm</statement>
<determination>2. Eriophorum (in part), p. 21</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>7.</statement_id>
<statement>Perianth hairs mostly 6 in each flower; spikelets (excluding hairs) not more than 1 cm.</statement>
<next_statement_id>8.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>8.</statement_id>
<statement>Perianth hairs antrorsely barbed; leaf blades to 25 cm × 2.5–4 mm</statement>
<determination>2. Eriophorum (in part), p. 21</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>8.</statement_id>
<statement>Perianth hairs smooth; leaf blades less than 1 cm × 1 mm</statement>
<determination>4. Trichophorum (in part), p. 28</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>5.</statement_id>
<statement>Perianth not or scarcely exceeding subtending scales in fruit, not more than 2 times as long as achene, including persistent style base, if present (see Plate 1. E, F; Plate 2. A).</statement>
<next_statement_id>9.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>9.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets compressed laterally; scales 2-ranked at least in proximal 1 / 2 , keeled (see Plate 2. C).</statement>
<next_statement_id>10.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>10.</statement_id>
<statement>Achenes biconvex; styles 2-fid.</statement>
<next_statement_id>11.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>11.</statement_id>
<statement>Persistent style base of achene enlarged (see Plate 2. B)</statement>
<determination>21. Rhynchospora (in part), p. 200</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>11.</statement_id>
<statement>Persistent style base of achene linear .</statement>
<determination>19. Dulichium , p. 198</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>10.</statement_id>
<statement>Achenes trigonous; styles 3-fid.</statement>
<next_statement_id>12.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>12.</statement_id>
<statement>Achenes with persistent enlarged style base; culms simple with 1 spikelet; scales</statement>
<determination>8. Eleocharis (in part), p. 60</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>12.</statement_id>
<statement>Achenes without persistent enlarged style base; culms distally branched with</statement>
<determination>22. Schoenus (in part), p. 239</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>9.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets ± rounded in cross section; scales spirally arranged, not keeled (distichous in Websteria ) (see Plate 2. D).</statement>
<next_statement_id>13.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>13.</statement_id>
<statement>Perianth consisting of scales or of 3 scales and 3 bristles (see Plate 1. E, F).</statement>
<next_statement_id>14.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>14.</statement_id>
<statement>Perianth consisting of 3 bristles and 3 spatulate scales; leaves usually hairy,</statement>
<determination>5. Fuirena , p. 32</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>14.</statement_id>
<statement>Perianth consisting of 1–2 scales; leaves glabrous (see Plate 2. F)</statement>
<determination>18. Lipocarpha (in part), p. 195</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>13.</statement_id>
<statement>Perianth consisting of hairs or bristles, bristles rarely somewhat flattened and straplike (see Plate 2. A).</statement>
<next_statement_id>15.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>15.</statement_id>
<statement>Culms apparently without blade-bearing leaves; leaves absent or consisting only of sheaths.</statement>
<next_statement_id>16.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>16.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets consisting of 2 scales, distal scale subtending flower; culms with branches in successive false whorls, which terminate in clusters of leaves essentially indistinguishable from stems; spikelets borne singly on branches</statement>
<determination>9. Websteria , p. 120</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>16.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets with 4+ scales and 2+ flowers; culms unbranched except sometimes in inflorescence; either 1 terminal spikelet or several spikelets in branched inflorescence.</statement>
<next_statement_id>17.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>17.</statement_id>
<statement>Style base enlarged, persistent in fruit, usually clearly differentiated</statement>
<determination>8. Eleocharis (in part), p. 60</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>17.</statement_id>
<statement>Style base not or scarcely enlarged, deciduous in fruit; culms usually with several spikelets in branched though sometimes congested</statement>
<determination>7. Schoenoplectus (in part), p. 44</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>15.</statement_id>
<statement>Culms with blade-bearing leaves; at least distal leaves with blades 5+ mm.</statement>
<next_statement_id>18.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>18.</statement_id>
<statement>Style base enlarged, persistent as differentiated tubercle on achene (see Plate 2. A, B).</statement>
<next_statement_id>19.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>19.</statement_id>
<statement>Culms unbranched, with 1 spikelet; spikelets with 1 proximal scale</statement>
<determination>8. Eleocharis (in part), p. 60</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>19.</statement_id>
<statement>Culms usually distally branched, with more than 1 spikelet; spikelets</statement>
<determination>21. Rhynchospora (in part), p. 200</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>18.</statement_id>
<statement>Style base not or only slightly enlarged, deciduous or small portion persistent as undifferentiated beak.</statement>
<next_statement_id>20.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>20.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets 2+, arranged in distichous spike</statement>
<determination>20. Blysmopsis , p. 199</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>20.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets 1–500, arranged in panicle or clustered into 1 or more heads or solitary.</statement>
<next_statement_id>21.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>21.</statement_id>
<statement>Leaf blades and bracts with prominent midrib forming keel on abaxial surface, or blades folded along midrib; inflorescences obviously terminal (see Plate 2. F).</statement>
<next_statement_id>22.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>22.</statement_id>
<statement>Scales glabrous, never both notched and awned at tip; spikelets less than 3.5(–5) mm diam.; achenes 0.6–1.8 mm, mi-</statement>
<determination>1. Scirpus (in part), p. 8</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>22.</statement_id>
<statement>Scales puberulent on abaxial surface, often glabrescent, notched and awned at tip; spikelets mostly 4–10 mm diam.; achenes</statement>
<determination>6. Bolboschoenus , p. 37</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>21.</statement_id>
<statement>Leaf blades and bracts various, midrib not forming prominent keel on abaxial surface, sometimes with several ribs equally prominent; proximal bract sometimes erect, as if continuation of culm; inflorescences then appearing lateral.</statement>
<next_statement_id>23.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>23.</statement_id>
<statement>Bracts 2+, the proximal 10+ mm, exceeding spikelets by at least 3 mm; spikelets usually 2+.</statement>
<next_statement_id>24.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>24.</statement_id>
<statement>Proximal leaf sheaths often disintegrating into fibers; stems</statement>
<determination>3. Amphiscirpus (in part), p. 27</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>24.</statement_id>
<statement>Proximal leaf sheaths never disintegrating into fibers; leaf</statement>
<determination>7. Schoenoplectus (in part), p. 44</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>23.</statement_id>
<statement>Bracts mostly 1–2, less than 10 mm, shorter than or exceeding spikelet by no more than 3 mm; spikelets always solitary.</statement>
<next_statement_id>25.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>25.</statement_id>
<statement>Anthers 3 mm; achenes 2.5–3.5 mm</statement>
<determination>7. Schoenoplectus (in part), p. 44</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>25.</statement_id>
<statement>Anthers 1–2.5 mm; achenes 1.5–2.5 mm.</statement>
<next_statement_id>26.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>26.</statement_id>
<statement>Culms with all leaves basal; sheaths often disintegrating into fibers; perianth bristles retrorsely spinulose</statement>
<determination>3. Amphiscirpus (in part), p. 27</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>26.</statement_id>
<statement>Culms with bladeless sheaths or distal sheaths with blade to 5 mm; sheaths not fibrous; perianth bristles</statement>
<determination>4. Trichophorum (in part), p. 28</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>4.</statement_id>
<statement>Flowers without perianth of hairs, bristles, or scales.</statement>
<next_statement_id>27.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>27.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets with scales arranged in 2 rows, at least proximally, commonly compressed; scales keeled (see Plate 2. C).</statement>
<next_statement_id>28.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>28.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets with 1–2+ proximal scales empty.</statement>
<next_statement_id>29.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>29.</statement_id>
<statement>Inflorescences of 1–5 straw-colored spikelets</statement>
<determination>12. Abildgaardia , p. 136</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>29.</statement_id>
<statement>Inflorescences of (1–)10–25 black or dark purple spikelets.</statement>
<determination>22. Schoenus (in part), p. 239</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>28.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets usually with all scales subtending flowers.</statement>
<next_statement_id>30.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>30.</statement_id>
<statement>Styles 3-fid; achenes trigonous</statement>
<determination>15. Cyperus (in part), p. 141</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>30.</statement_id>
<statement>Styles 2-fid; achenes flat to biconvex.</statement>
<next_statement_id>31.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>31.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets with 5–many scales; inflorescences variously arranged</statement>
<determination>15. Cyperus (in part), p. 141</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>31.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets with 1–3 scales; inflorescences with 1–4 dense spikes.</statement>
<determination>17. Kyllinga , p. 193</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>27.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets with scales spirally arranged or arranged in more than 2 rows, usually not compressed; scales not keeled (see Plate 2. D).</statement>
<next_statement_id>32.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>32.</statement_id>
<statement>Style base enlarged, persistent in fruit as differentiated or conic apical tubercle (see Plate 2. A, B).</statement>
<next_statement_id>33.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>33.</statement_id>
<statement>Culms with 1 spikelet, without blade-bearing leaves or with blade not exceed-</statement>
<determination>8. Eleocharis (in part), p. 60</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>33.</statement_id>
<statement>Culms with inflorescences of 2+ spikelets, with 1+ blade-bearing leaves usually much exceeding 4 mm.</statement>
<next_statement_id>34.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>34.</statement_id>
<statement>Mouth of leaf sheaths fimbriate-ciliate; styles 3-fid; achenes trigonous</statement>
<determination>11. Bulbostylis (in part), p. 131</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>34.</statement_id>
<statement>Mouth of leaf sheaths glabrous; styles usually 2-fid; achenes usually</statement>
<determination>21. Rhynchospora (in part), p. 200</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>32.</statement_id>
<statement>Style base not or scarcely enlarged, deciduous or undifferentiated portion persisting as cylindric beak.</statement>
<next_statement_id>35.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>35.</statement_id>
<statement>Flowers unisexual; spikelets with only one pistillate flower or entirely stami-</statement>
<determination>24. Scleria , p. 242</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>35.</statement_id>
<statement>Flowers usually bisexual; spikelets usually with 2+ bisexual flowers.</statement>
<next_statement_id>36.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>36.</statement_id>
<statement>Leaves ligulate, ligules membranous or row of hairs or cilia (see Plate 2. F).</statement>
<next_statement_id>37.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>37.</statement_id>
<statement>Styles 2-fid; achenes biconvex.</statement>
<next_statement_id>38.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>38.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets with all scales subtending flower</statement>
<determination>1. Scirpus (in part), p. 8</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>38.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets with proximal 1–2+ scales empty</statement>
<determination>10. Fimbristylis (in part), p. 121</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>37.</statement_id>
<statement>Styles 3-fid; achenes trigonous.</statement>
<next_statement_id>39.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>39.</statement_id>
<statement>Culms with single terminal spikelet</statement>
<determination>4. Trichophorum (in part), p. 28</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>39.</statement_id>
<statement>Culms with 2+ spikelets.</statement>
<next_statement_id>40.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>40.</statement_id>
<statement>Leaf blades and bracts not prominently keeled on abaxial sur-</statement>
<determination>10. Fimbristylis (in part), p. 121</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>40.</statement_id>
<statement>Leaf blades and bracts with midrib forming prominent keel on abaxial surface.</statement>
<next_statement_id>41.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>41.</statement_id>
<statement>Inflorescence bracts not ciliate; scales not spinose</statement>
<determination>1. Scirpus (in part), p. 8</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>41.</statement_id>
<statement>Inflorescence bracts ciliate proximally; scales with spinose</statement>
<determination>14. Oxycaryum , p. 140</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>36.</statement_id>
<statement>Leaves not ligulate, rarely with lateral groups of hairs at junction of blade and sheath.</statement>
<next_statement_id>42.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>42.</statement_id>
<statement>Leaves with 2 lateral groups of hairs (at least some hairs 0.3 mm) at junction of blade</statement>
<determination>11. Bulbostylis (in part), p. 131</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>42.</statement_id>
<statement>Leaves glabrous or with only short hairs at junction of blade and sheath.</statement>
<next_statement_id>43.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>43.</statement_id>
<statement>Inflorescences apparently lateral; proximal bract erect, appearing to be continuation of stem (see Plate 2. G).</statement>
<next_statement_id>44.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>44.</statement_id>
<statement>Achenes faintly to prominently rugose or transversely ridged</statement>
<determination>7. Schoenoplectus (in part), p. 44</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>44.</statement_id>
<statement>Achenes smooth, papillose, or longitudinally ridged.</statement>
<next_statement_id>45.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>45.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets with 8–25 scales</statement>
<determination>13. Isolepis (in part), p. 137</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>45.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets with (1–)3 scales</statement>
<determination>18. Lipocarpha (in part), p. 195</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>43.</statement_id>
<statement>Inflorescences evidently terminal (sometimes some axillary); bracts ascending or spreading, none appearing to be continuation of stem.</statement>
<next_statement_id>46.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>46.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets with all scales subtending flowers</statement>
<determination>13. Isolepis (in part), p. 137</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>46.</statement_id>
<statement>Spikelets with 1+ proximal scales empty.</statement>
<next_statement_id>47.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>47.</statement_id>
<statement>Styles 2-fid; achenes biconvex</statement>
<determination>10. Fimbristylis (in part), p. 121</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>47.</statement_id>
<statement>Styles 3-fid; achenes trigonous or round in cross section.</statement>
<next_statement_id>48.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>48.</statement_id>
<statement>Plants annual, not rhizomatous; widest leaves not more than 2 mm wide; achenes usually 1.5 mm or less, reticulate-honeycombed</statement>
<determination>10. Fimbristylis (in part), p. 121</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>48.</statement_id>
<statement>Plants perennial, rhizomatous; widest leaves usually more than 2 mm wide; achenes 1.5–3 mm, smooth or rugose.</statement>
<next_statement_id>49.</next_statement_id>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>49.</statement_id>
<statement>Inflorescences terminal, capitate; culms not more than 20 cm</statement>
<determination>16. Remirea , p. 191</determination>
</key_statement>
<key_statement>
<statement_id>49.</statement_id>
<statement>Inflorescences terminal or some lateral, corymbose or subcapitate;</statement>
<determination>23. Cladium , p. 240</determination>
</key_statement>
</key>
</bio:treatment>
hongcui
commented
10 years ago
received name conflict or invalid files error, but the input was the downloaded output of TC. Example file: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <bio:treatment xmlns:bio="http://www.github.com/biosemantics" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.github.com/biosemantics http://raw.githubusercontent.com/biosemantics/schemas/0.0.1/semanticMarkupOutput.xsd"> <meta> <source> <author>Peter W. Ball; A. A. Reznicek; David F. Murray</author> <date /> <title /> </source> <processed_by> <processor> <date /> <software type="xml format transformer" version="1.0" /> <operator /> </processor> <processor> <date>2014/08/12 13:36:29</date> <software type="Semantic Markup" version="0.1.6">CharaParser</software> <operator>Jocelyn Pender (pender.jocelyn@gmail.com)</operator> <resource type="OTO Glossary" version="0.11">Plant</resource> </processor> </processed_by> <other_info_on_meta type="citation">Bruhl, J. 1995. Sedge genera of the world: Relationships and a new classification of the Cyperaceae. Austral. Syst. Bot. 8: 125–305.</other_info_on_meta> <other_info_on_meta type="citation">Goetghebeur, P. 1998. Cyperaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 4+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 4, pp. 141–190.</other_info_on_meta> <other_info_on_meta type="citation">Mackenzie, K. K. 1931–1935. Cyperaceae [in part]. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora…. 47+ vols. New York. Vol. 18, parts 1–7, pp. 1–478.</other_info_on_meta> <other_info_on_meta type="citation">Simpson, D. A. and C. A. Inglis. 2001. Cyperaceae of economic, ethnobotanical and horticultural importance: A checklist. Kew Bull. 56: 257–360.</other_info_on_meta> <other_info_on_meta type="citation">Svenson, H. K. 1957. Cyperaceae. Tribe 2, Scirpeae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora.... 47+ vols. New York. Vol. 18, pp. 505–556.</other_info_on_meta> <other_info_on_meta type="citation">Tucker, G. C. 1987. The genera of Cyperaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 68: 361–445.</other_info_on_meta> <other_info_on_meta type="number_of_infrataxa">Genera ca. 100, species ca. 5000 (27 genera, 843 species in the flora):</other_info_on_meta> <other_info_on_meta type="common_name">Sedge Family</other_info_on_meta> </meta> <taxon_identification status="ACCEPTED"> <taxon_name authority="Jussieu" rank="family">CYPERACEAE</taxon_name> </taxon_identification> <description type="morphology"> <statement id="d0_s0"> <text>Herbs, annual or perennial, cespitose or not, rhizomatous or not, stoloniferous or not.</text> </statement> <statement id="d0_s1"> <text>Roots fibrous, principally adventitious.</text> </statement> <statement id="d0_s2"> <text>Stems (culms )usually trigonous, occasionally terete, rarely compressed, usually solid, rarely hollow or septate.</text> <structure id="o284" name="whole_organism" name_original=""> <character name="duration" value="annual" /> <character name="duration" value="perennial" /> <character name="growth_form" value="cespitose" /> <character name="growth_form" value="not" /> <character name="architecture" value="rhizomatous" /> <character name="architecture" value="not" /> <character name="architecture" value="stoloniferous" /> <character name="architecture" value="not" /> <character name="growth_form" value="herb" /> <character name="texture" value="fibrous" /> <character modifier="principally" name="derivation" value="adventitious" /> <character modifier="usually" name="shape" value="trigonous" /> <character modifier="occasionally" name="shape" value="terete" /> <character modifier="rarely" name="shape" value="compressed" /> <character modifier="usually" name="architecture" value="solid" /> <character modifier="rarely" name="architecture" value="hollow" /> <character name="architecture" value="septate" /> </structure> </statement> <statement id="d0_s3"> <text>Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate, usually 3-ranked, rarely 2-ranked or multi-ranked, bases forming cylindric sheaths enclosing stem, margins usually fused;</text> <structure id="o286" name="sheath" name_original="sheaths"> <character name="shape" value="cylindric" /> </structure> <structure id="o287" name="stem" name_original="stem" /> <relation from="o285" id="r44" name="bases" negation="false" to="o286" /> <relation from="o285" id="r45" name="enclosing" negation="false" to="o287" /> </statement> <statement id="d0_s4"> <text>junction of sheaths and blades often with adaxial flaps of tissue or fringes of hair (ligules );</text> <structure constraint="adaxial" id="o288" name="flap" name_original="flaps" /> <structure id="o289" name="hair" name_original="hair" /> <relation from="o285" id="r46" modifier="of sheaths and blades" name="with" negation="false" to="o288" /> <relation from="o288" id="r47" modifier="of tissue or fringes" name="part_of" negation="false" to="o289" /> </statement> <statement id="d0_s5"> <text>blades frequently absent from some basal leaves, rarely from cauline leaves, when present divergent or ascending, flat, folded, plicate, rolled, or terete, linear, venation parallel.</text> <structure constraint="basal" id="o290" name="leaf" name_original="leaves" /> <structure constraint="cauline" id="o291" name="leaf" name_original="leaves"> <character modifier="when present or" name="arrangement" value="divergent" /> <character name="orientation" value="ascending" /> <character name="prominence_or_shape" value="flat" /> <character name="architecture_or_shape" value="folded" /> <character name="architecture_or_arrangement_or_shape" value="plicate" /> <character name="shape" value="terete" /> <character name="arrangement_or_shape" value="linear" /> <character name="venation" value="parallel" /> </structure> </statement> <statement id="d0_s6"> <text>Primary inflorescences (spikelets )a shortened axis;</text> <structure id="o285" name="leaf" name_original="leaves"> <character name="position" value="basal" /> <character name="position" value="and/or" /> <character name="position" value="cauline" /> <character name="arrangement" value="alternate" /> <character modifier="usually" name="arrangement" value="3-ranked" /> <character modifier="rarely" name="arrangement" value="2-ranked" /> <character name="arrangement" value="multi-ranked" /> <character modifier="usually" name="fusion" value="fused" /> <character constraint="from basal leaves" constraintid="o290" modifier="frequently" name="count" value="0" /> <character name="position" value="primary" /> </structure> </statement> <statement id="d0_s7"> <text>glumaceous bracts (scales )1–many, spirally arranged, sometimes 2-ranked, usually appressed or ascending;</text> </statement> <statement id="d0_s8"> <text>scales usually all fertile, each subtending a single flower, sometimes proximal and/or distal scales empty;</text> <structure id="o292" name="axis" name_original="axis"> <character name="length" value="shortened" /> <character char_type="range_value" from="1" name="count" to="many" /> <character modifier="spirally" name="arrangement" value="arranged" /> <character modifier="sometimes" name="arrangement" value="2-ranked" /> <character modifier="usually" name="orientation" value="appressed" /> <character name="orientation" value="ascending" /> <character modifier="usually" name="reproduction" value="fertile" /> </structure> </statement> <statement id="d0_s9"> <text>lateral spikes often with basal, usually empty, usually 2-keeled scale (prophyll );</text> <structure id="o293" name="flower" name_original="flower"> <character name="position" value="subtending" /> <character name="count" value="single" /> <character modifier="sometimes" name="position" value="proximal" /> <character name="position" value="distal" /> <character constraint="often with scale" constraintid="o294" name="position" value="lateral" /> </structure> <structure id="o294" name="scale" name_original="scale"> <character name="position" value="basal" /> <character modifier="usually; usually" name="shape" value="2-keeled" /> </structure> </statement> <statement id="d0_s10"> <text>occasionally prophyll subtending and enclosing rachilla, bearing 1 pistillate, sometimes (0– )3 staminate flowers and empty scales (Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia ).</text> <structure constraint="occasionally" id="o295" name="prophyll" name_original="prophyll"> <character name="position" value="subtending" /> <character name="count" value="1" /> <character name="architecture" value="pistillate" /> <character char_type="range_value" from="0" modifier="sometimes" name="atypical_count" to="3" to_inclusive="false" /> <character modifier="sometimes" name="count" value="3" /> </structure> <structure id="o296" name="rachillum" name_original="rachilla" /> <relation from="o295" id="r48" name="enclosing" negation="false" to="o296" /> </statement> <statement id="d0_s11"> <text>Secondary inflorescences panicles, often modified to corymb, pseudoumbel, cyme (anthela ), raceme, spike, or capitulum (head ), rarely single spike, usually subtended by foliaceous or, less frequently, glumaceous bracts;</text> <structure id="o297" name="corymb" name_original="corymb"> <character modifier="often" name="development" value="modified" /> </structure> <structure id="o298" name="cyme" name_original="cyme" /> <structure id="o299" name="raceme" name_original="raceme" /> <structure id="o300" name="spike" name_original="spike" /> <structure id="o301" name="capitulum" name_original="capitulum" /> <structure id="o303" name="bract" name_original="bracts"> <character name="architecture" value="foliaceous" /> </structure> <relation from="o302" id="r49" modifier="usually; usually" name="subtended by" negation="false" to="o303" /> </statement> <statement id="d0_s12"> <text>secondary inflorescences sometimes simulating spikelets (Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia ).</text> <structure id="o304" name="spikelet" name_original="spikelets" /> </statement> <statement id="d0_s13"> <text>Flowers hypogynous, bisexual in most genera, unisexual in Scleria, Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia;</text> <structure id="o302" name="spike" name_original="spike"> <character modifier="rarely" name="count" value="single" /> <character name="position" value="hypogynous" /> </structure> <structure id="o305" name="genus" name_original="genera"> <character name="reproduction" value="bisexual" /> </structure> <structure id="o306" name="sclerium" name_original="scleria"> <character name="reproduction" value="unisexual" /> </structure> </statement> <statement id="d0_s14"> <text>perianth absent or with (1– )3–6 (–30 )bristles and/or scales, usually falling off with fruit;</text> <structure id="o308" name="fruit" name_original="fruit" /> </statement> <statement id="d0_s15"> <text>stamens usually (1– )3, rarely more, usually distinct;</text> </statement> <statement id="d0_s16"> <text>anthers basifixed;</text> </statement> <statement id="d0_s17"> <text>pistils 1, 2–3 (–4 )-carpellate, fused, locule 1;</text> <structure id="o307" name="perianth" name_original="perianth"> <character constraint="with (1-)3-6(-30) bristles" name="count" value="0" /> <character name="count" value="with (1-)3-6(-30) bristles" /> <character constraint="with fruit" constraintid="o308" modifier="usually" name="life_cycle" value="falling" /> <character char_type="range_value" from="1" modifier="usually" name="atypical_count" to="3" to_inclusive="false" /> <character modifier="usually" name="count" value="3" /> <character modifier="rarely; usually" name="fusion" value="distinct" /> <character name="fixation" value="basifixed" /> <character name="count" value="1" /> </structure> <structure id="o309" name="whole_organism" name_original=""> <character name="architecture" value="2-3(-4)-carpellate" /> <character name="fusion" value="fused" /> </structure> <structure id="o310" name="locule" name_original="locule"> <character name="count" value="1" /> </structure> </statement> <statement id="d0_s18"> <text>style undivided or branches 2–3 (–4 );</text> <structure id="o311" name="style" name_original="style"> <character name="shape" value="undivided" /> <character name="shape" value="branches" /> <character char_type="range_value" from="3" from_inclusive="false" name="atypical_count" to="4" /> <character char_type="range_value" from="2" name="count" to="3" /> </structure> </statement> <statement id="d0_s19"> <text>stigma sometimes papillate.</text> </statement> <statement id="d0_s20"> <text>Fruits achenes, usually trigonous or biconvex;</text> </statement> <statement id="d0_s21"> <text>pericarps thin (except in Scleria ).</text> </statement> <statement id="d0_s22"> <text>Seeds 1;</text> <structure id="o312" name="stigma" name_original="stigma"> <character modifier="sometimes" name="relief" value="papillate" /> <character modifier="usually" name="shape" value="trigonous" /> <character name="shape" value="biconvex" /> <character name="width" value="thin" /> <character name="count" value="1" /> </structure> </statement> <statement id="d0_s23"> <text>testa thin, free from pericarp;</text> <structure id="o313" name="testa" name_original="testa"> <character name="width" value="thin" /> <character constraint="from pericarp" constraintid="o314" name="fusion" value="free" /> </structure> <structure id="o314" name="pericarp" name_original="pericarp" /> </statement> <statement id="d0_s24"> <text>embryo basal;</text> <structure id="o315" name="embryo" name_original="embryo"> <character name="position" value="basal" /> </structure> </statement> <statement id="d0_s25"> <text>endosperm abundant.</text> </statement> <statement id="d0_s26"> <text>x = 5–ca. 100.</text> <structure id="o316" name="endosperm" name_original="endosperm"> <character name="count" value="abundant" /> </structure> <structure id="o317" name="chromosome" name_original=""> <character char_type="range_value" from="5" name="count" to="100" /> </structure> </statement> </description> <description type="distribution"> <statement id="distribution0"> <text>worldwide.</text> </statement> </description> <discussion>No consensus exists regarding the number of genera and the overall relationships of genera within Cyperaceae. The most recent account of the family (P. Goetghebeur 1998) recognized 104 genera distributed among 4 subfamilies and 14 tribes. That arrangement differs somewhat from that of J. Bruhl (1995). With one minor exception the arrangement of the family here follows that of Goetghebeur.</discussion> <discussion>The family is characterized by the occurrence of a number of unusual cytological features including: (1) chromosomes with diffuse centromeres, (2) post-reductional meiosis, and (3) pollen grains formed from tetrads in which 3 of the 4 microspores fail to develop. The first two features are found in at least some Juncaceae and are unique to the two families. Juncaceae also have pollen in tetrads, but in that family all four microspores produce pollen grains. Some species in some genera of Cyperaceae (particularly Eleocharis) possess chromosomes with localized centromeres (S. S. Bir et al. 1993). The wide range of chromosome numbers found in Cyperaceae is largely because of agmatoploidy; polyploidy has been hypothesized for some genera, especially Eleocharis, although polyploidy has not been demonstrated unequivocally.</discussion> <discussion>Because of morphologic similarities in vegetative and inflorescence characters, the family has commonly been associated with Poaceae. Cytological features discussed above clearly indicate that to be a superficial similarity. Data from rbcL studies also support the view that Cyperaceae and Poaceae are not closely related (M. R. Duvall et al. 1993b; G. M. Plunkett et al. 1995); they do support the concept of close relationship between Cyperaceae and Juncaceae.</discussion> <discussion>For most families of flowering plants the phenological data given are flowering times. Because most Cyperaceae cannot be reliably identified when in flower, in this volume fruiting time is given for all species by season, sometimes qualified by early, mid, or late, or by months. The fruiting time has been interpreted broadly to include the period when the fruit is more or less fully formed but not yet ripe. The fruiting period provided covers the entire range of the taxon. Quite a difference between fruiting periods in different parts of the range of the species may well occur, especially for widespread species and species with extensive elevation range.</discussion> <discussion>For a recent, comprehensive review of the economic importance of Cyperaceae, see D. A. Simpson and C. A. Inglis (2001).</discussion> <number>210.</number> <key> <key_statement> <statement_id>1.</statement_id> <statement>Flowers and achenes partially to completely enclosed in scalelike structure (perigynium); perigynium in axil of scale ; flowers unisexual (see Plate 1. A, B, C).</statement> <next_statement_id>2.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>2.</statement_id> <statement>Perigynia open to 1 side, at least some containing 1–3 staminate flowers as well as 1</statement> <determination>25. Kobresia , p. 252</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>2.</statement_id> <statement>Perigynia closed except for pore at tip through which style protrudes, always containing only 1 pistillate flower (see Plate 1. B, C).</statement> <next_statement_id>3.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>3.</statement_id> <statement>Culms usually with several blade-bearing leaves, sometimes all basal; blades flat, V -shaped, M -shaped, rarely terete or involute in cross section, commonly less than</statement> <determination>26. Carex , p. 254</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>3.</statement_id> <statement>Culms with 1(–2) basal leaves; blades flat, usually 2–5 cm wide, without evident</statement> <determination>27. Cymophyllus , p. 573</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>1.</statement_id> <statement>Flowers and achenes not enclosed in scalelike perigynium; flowers in axil of scale; flowers usually bisexual, sometimes some, rarely all, flowers unisexual.</statement> <next_statement_id>4.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>4.</statement_id> <statement>Flowers with perianth of 1 or more hairs, bristles, scales, or bristles and scales, usually persistent on achene (see Plate 1. D, E, F; Plate 2. A).</statement> <next_statement_id>5.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>5.</statement_id> <statement>Perianth of hairs or bristles, much exceeding subtending scales in fruit, more than 2 times as long as achene, including persistent style base, if present (see Plate 1. D).</statement> <next_statement_id>6.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>6.</statement_id> <statement>Perianth hairs strongly curled, tangled in fruit (woolly in appearance)</statement> <determination>1. Scirpus (in part), p. 8</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>6.</statement_id> <statement>Perianth hairs ± straight, not tangled (silky in appearance).</statement> <next_statement_id>7.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>7.</statement_id> <statement>Perianth hairs (8–)10+ in each flower; spikelets (excluding hairs) 1+ cm</statement> <determination>2. Eriophorum (in part), p. 21</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>7.</statement_id> <statement>Perianth hairs mostly 6 in each flower; spikelets (excluding hairs) not more than 1 cm.</statement> <next_statement_id>8.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>8.</statement_id> <statement>Perianth hairs antrorsely barbed; leaf blades to 25 cm × 2.5–4 mm</statement> <determination>2. Eriophorum (in part), p. 21</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>8.</statement_id> <statement>Perianth hairs smooth; leaf blades less than 1 cm × 1 mm</statement> <determination>4. Trichophorum (in part), p. 28</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>5.</statement_id> <statement>Perianth not or scarcely exceeding subtending scales in fruit, not more than 2 times as long as achene, including persistent style base, if present (see Plate 1. E, F; Plate 2. A).</statement> <next_statement_id>9.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>9.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets compressed laterally; scales 2-ranked at least in proximal 1 / 2 , keeled (see Plate 2. C).</statement> <next_statement_id>10.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>10.</statement_id> <statement>Achenes biconvex; styles 2-fid.</statement> <next_statement_id>11.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>11.</statement_id> <statement>Persistent style base of achene enlarged (see Plate 2. B)</statement> <determination>21. Rhynchospora (in part), p. 200</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>11.</statement_id> <statement>Persistent style base of achene linear .</statement> <determination>19. Dulichium , p. 198</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>10.</statement_id> <statement>Achenes trigonous; styles 3-fid.</statement> <next_statement_id>12.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>12.</statement_id> <statement>Achenes with persistent enlarged style base; culms simple with 1 spikelet; scales</statement> <determination>8. Eleocharis (in part), p. 60</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>12.</statement_id> <statement>Achenes without persistent enlarged style base; culms distally branched with</statement> <determination>22. Schoenus (in part), p. 239</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>9.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets ± rounded in cross section; scales spirally arranged, not keeled (distichous in Websteria ) (see Plate 2. D).</statement> <next_statement_id>13.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>13.</statement_id> <statement>Perianth consisting of scales or of 3 scales and 3 bristles (see Plate 1. E, F).</statement> <next_statement_id>14.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>14.</statement_id> <statement>Perianth consisting of 3 bristles and 3 spatulate scales; leaves usually hairy,</statement> <determination>5. Fuirena , p. 32</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>14.</statement_id> <statement>Perianth consisting of 1–2 scales; leaves glabrous (see Plate 2. F)</statement> <determination>18. Lipocarpha (in part), p. 195</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>13.</statement_id> <statement>Perianth consisting of hairs or bristles, bristles rarely somewhat flattened and straplike (see Plate 2. A).</statement> <next_statement_id>15.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>15.</statement_id> <statement>Culms apparently without blade-bearing leaves; leaves absent or consisting only of sheaths.</statement> <next_statement_id>16.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>16.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets consisting of 2 scales, distal scale subtending flower; culms with branches in successive false whorls, which terminate in clusters of leaves essentially indistinguishable from stems; spikelets borne singly on branches</statement> <determination>9. Websteria , p. 120</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>16.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets with 4+ scales and 2+ flowers; culms unbranched except sometimes in inflorescence; either 1 terminal spikelet or several spikelets in branched inflorescence.</statement> <next_statement_id>17.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>17.</statement_id> <statement>Style base enlarged, persistent in fruit, usually clearly differentiated</statement> <determination>8. Eleocharis (in part), p. 60</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>17.</statement_id> <statement>Style base not or scarcely enlarged, deciduous in fruit; culms usually with several spikelets in branched though sometimes congested</statement> <determination>7. Schoenoplectus (in part), p. 44</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>15.</statement_id> <statement>Culms with blade-bearing leaves; at least distal leaves with blades 5+ mm.</statement> <next_statement_id>18.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>18.</statement_id> <statement>Style base enlarged, persistent as differentiated tubercle on achene (see Plate 2. A, B).</statement> <next_statement_id>19.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>19.</statement_id> <statement>Culms unbranched, with 1 spikelet; spikelets with 1 proximal scale</statement> <determination>8. Eleocharis (in part), p. 60</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>19.</statement_id> <statement>Culms usually distally branched, with more than 1 spikelet; spikelets</statement> <determination>21. Rhynchospora (in part), p. 200</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>18.</statement_id> <statement>Style base not or only slightly enlarged, deciduous or small portion persistent as undifferentiated beak.</statement> <next_statement_id>20.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>20.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets 2+, arranged in distichous spike</statement> <determination>20. Blysmopsis , p. 199</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>20.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets 1–500, arranged in panicle or clustered into 1 or more heads or solitary.</statement> <next_statement_id>21.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>21.</statement_id> <statement>Leaf blades and bracts with prominent midrib forming keel on abaxial surface, or blades folded along midrib; inflorescences obviously terminal (see Plate 2. F).</statement> <next_statement_id>22.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>22.</statement_id> <statement>Scales glabrous, never both notched and awned at tip; spikelets less than 3.5(–5) mm diam.; achenes 0.6–1.8 mm, mi-</statement> <determination>1. Scirpus (in part), p. 8</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>22.</statement_id> <statement>Scales puberulent on abaxial surface, often glabrescent, notched and awned at tip; spikelets mostly 4–10 mm diam.; achenes</statement> <determination>6. Bolboschoenus , p. 37</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>21.</statement_id> <statement>Leaf blades and bracts various, midrib not forming prominent keel on abaxial surface, sometimes with several ribs equally prominent; proximal bract sometimes erect, as if continuation of culm; inflorescences then appearing lateral.</statement> <next_statement_id>23.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>23.</statement_id> <statement>Bracts 2+, the proximal 10+ mm, exceeding spikelets by at least 3 mm; spikelets usually 2+.</statement> <next_statement_id>24.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>24.</statement_id> <statement>Proximal leaf sheaths often disintegrating into fibers; stems</statement> <determination>3. Amphiscirpus (in part), p. 27</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>24.</statement_id> <statement>Proximal leaf sheaths never disintegrating into fibers; leaf</statement> <determination>7. Schoenoplectus (in part), p. 44</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>23.</statement_id> <statement>Bracts mostly 1–2, less than 10 mm, shorter than or exceeding spikelet by no more than 3 mm; spikelets always solitary.</statement> <next_statement_id>25.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>25.</statement_id> <statement>Anthers 3 mm; achenes 2.5–3.5 mm</statement> <determination>7. Schoenoplectus (in part), p. 44</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>25.</statement_id> <statement>Anthers 1–2.5 mm; achenes 1.5–2.5 mm.</statement> <next_statement_id>26.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>26.</statement_id> <statement>Culms with all leaves basal; sheaths often disintegrating into fibers; perianth bristles retrorsely spinulose</statement> <determination>3. Amphiscirpus (in part), p. 27</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>26.</statement_id> <statement>Culms with bladeless sheaths or distal sheaths with blade to 5 mm; sheaths not fibrous; perianth bristles</statement> <determination>4. Trichophorum (in part), p. 28</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>4.</statement_id> <statement>Flowers without perianth of hairs, bristles, or scales.</statement> <next_statement_id>27.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>27.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets with scales arranged in 2 rows, at least proximally, commonly compressed; scales keeled (see Plate 2. C).</statement> <next_statement_id>28.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>28.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets with 1–2+ proximal scales empty.</statement> <next_statement_id>29.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>29.</statement_id> <statement>Inflorescences of 1–5 straw-colored spikelets</statement> <determination>12. Abildgaardia , p. 136</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>29.</statement_id> <statement>Inflorescences of (1–)10–25 black or dark purple spikelets.</statement> <determination>22. Schoenus (in part), p. 239</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>28.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets usually with all scales subtending flowers.</statement> <next_statement_id>30.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>30.</statement_id> <statement>Styles 3-fid; achenes trigonous</statement> <determination>15. Cyperus (in part), p. 141</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>30.</statement_id> <statement>Styles 2-fid; achenes flat to biconvex.</statement> <next_statement_id>31.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>31.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets with 5–many scales; inflorescences variously arranged</statement> <determination>15. Cyperus (in part), p. 141</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>31.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets with 1–3 scales; inflorescences with 1–4 dense spikes.</statement> <determination>17. Kyllinga , p. 193</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>27.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets with scales spirally arranged or arranged in more than 2 rows, usually not compressed; scales not keeled (see Plate 2. D).</statement> <next_statement_id>32.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>32.</statement_id> <statement>Style base enlarged, persistent in fruit as differentiated or conic apical tubercle (see Plate 2. A, B).</statement> <next_statement_id>33.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>33.</statement_id> <statement>Culms with 1 spikelet, without blade-bearing leaves or with blade not exceed-</statement> <determination>8. Eleocharis (in part), p. 60</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>33.</statement_id> <statement>Culms with inflorescences of 2+ spikelets, with 1+ blade-bearing leaves usually much exceeding 4 mm.</statement> <next_statement_id>34.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>34.</statement_id> <statement>Mouth of leaf sheaths fimbriate-ciliate; styles 3-fid; achenes trigonous</statement> <determination>11. Bulbostylis (in part), p. 131</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>34.</statement_id> <statement>Mouth of leaf sheaths glabrous; styles usually 2-fid; achenes usually</statement> <determination>21. Rhynchospora (in part), p. 200</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>32.</statement_id> <statement>Style base not or scarcely enlarged, deciduous or undifferentiated portion persisting as cylindric beak.</statement> <next_statement_id>35.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>35.</statement_id> <statement>Flowers unisexual; spikelets with only one pistillate flower or entirely stami-</statement> <determination>24. Scleria , p. 242</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>35.</statement_id> <statement>Flowers usually bisexual; spikelets usually with 2+ bisexual flowers.</statement> <next_statement_id>36.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>36.</statement_id> <statement>Leaves ligulate, ligules membranous or row of hairs or cilia (see Plate 2. F).</statement> <next_statement_id>37.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>37.</statement_id> <statement>Styles 2-fid; achenes biconvex.</statement> <next_statement_id>38.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>38.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets with all scales subtending flower</statement> <determination>1. Scirpus (in part), p. 8</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>38.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets with proximal 1–2+ scales empty</statement> <determination>10. Fimbristylis (in part), p. 121</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>37.</statement_id> <statement>Styles 3-fid; achenes trigonous.</statement> <next_statement_id>39.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>39.</statement_id> <statement>Culms with single terminal spikelet</statement> <determination>4. Trichophorum (in part), p. 28</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>39.</statement_id> <statement>Culms with 2+ spikelets.</statement> <next_statement_id>40.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>40.</statement_id> <statement>Leaf blades and bracts not prominently keeled on abaxial sur-</statement> <determination>10. Fimbristylis (in part), p. 121</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>40.</statement_id> <statement>Leaf blades and bracts with midrib forming prominent keel on abaxial surface.</statement> <next_statement_id>41.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>41.</statement_id> <statement>Inflorescence bracts not ciliate; scales not spinose</statement> <determination>1. Scirpus (in part), p. 8</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>41.</statement_id> <statement>Inflorescence bracts ciliate proximally; scales with spinose</statement> <determination>14. Oxycaryum , p. 140</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>36.</statement_id> <statement>Leaves not ligulate, rarely with lateral groups of hairs at junction of blade and sheath.</statement> <next_statement_id>42.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>42.</statement_id> <statement>Leaves with 2 lateral groups of hairs (at least some hairs 0.3 mm) at junction of blade</statement> <determination>11. Bulbostylis (in part), p. 131</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>42.</statement_id> <statement>Leaves glabrous or with only short hairs at junction of blade and sheath.</statement> <next_statement_id>43.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>43.</statement_id> <statement>Inflorescences apparently lateral; proximal bract erect, appearing to be continuation of stem (see Plate 2. G).</statement> <next_statement_id>44.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>44.</statement_id> <statement>Achenes faintly to prominently rugose or transversely ridged</statement> <determination>7. Schoenoplectus (in part), p. 44</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>44.</statement_id> <statement>Achenes smooth, papillose, or longitudinally ridged.</statement> <next_statement_id>45.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>45.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets with 8–25 scales</statement> <determination>13. Isolepis (in part), p. 137</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>45.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets with (1–)3 scales</statement> <determination>18. Lipocarpha (in part), p. 195</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>43.</statement_id> <statement>Inflorescences evidently terminal (sometimes some axillary); bracts ascending or spreading, none appearing to be continuation of stem.</statement> <next_statement_id>46.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>46.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets with all scales subtending flowers</statement> <determination>13. Isolepis (in part), p. 137</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>46.</statement_id> <statement>Spikelets with 1+ proximal scales empty.</statement> <next_statement_id>47.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>47.</statement_id> <statement>Styles 2-fid; achenes biconvex</statement> <determination>10. Fimbristylis (in part), p. 121</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>47.</statement_id> <statement>Styles 3-fid; achenes trigonous or round in cross section.</statement> <next_statement_id>48.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>48.</statement_id> <statement>Plants annual, not rhizomatous; widest leaves not more than 2 mm wide; achenes usually 1.5 mm or less, reticulate-honeycombed</statement> <determination>10. Fimbristylis (in part), p. 121</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>48.</statement_id> <statement>Plants perennial, rhizomatous; widest leaves usually more than 2 mm wide; achenes 1.5–3 mm, smooth or rugose.</statement> <next_statement_id>49.</next_statement_id> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>49.</statement_id> <statement>Inflorescences terminal, capitate; culms not more than 20 cm</statement> <determination>16. Remirea , p. 191</determination> </key_statement> <key_statement> <statement_id>49.</statement_id> <statement>Inflorescences terminal or some lateral, corymbose or subcapitate;</statement> <determination>23. Cladium , p. 240</determination> </key_statement> </key> </bio:treatment>