feat:(ast) `Node` support concurrently-read

[AsterDY]

Background

Since sonic uses Lazy-Load design to parse JSON nodes on demands, it doesn't support concurrently-Read by default. But in practice, we found many users may use it in such scenarios and cause panic.

Desgin

Thus we design one kind of State Transition Lock to achieve the goal by least cost. In brief:

• Drop the Lazy state (parse transversely on demands). Every node has only two state: Parsed (bool, number, or object slice...) or Raw (JSON), and the only transit direction is Raw->Parsed;
• Every exported reading API (like Get()) will check its state using Atomic Load:
  • If in Raw, transfer to Parsed with Write Lock
  • If in Parsed, the state won't change forever, just use if safely
  • Except for encoding the Node (Raw() and MarshalJSON()). In these circumstances, we need keep the Raw state to achieve the best performance. Thus use Read Lock to keep the state.

Performance

• Since the first layer of children of each complex node (object or array) will be loaded, it will have influence on performance of Get, about 5～10%. Thus we not enable it by default, except user manually set SearchOption.ConcurrentRead=true or create JSON node by NewNodeSafeRead() or call Node.LoadAll()/Load()

  goos: darwin
  goarch: amd64
  pkg: github.com/bytedance/sonic/ast
  cpu: Intel(R) Core(TM) i9-9880H CPU @ 2.30GHz
  BenchmarkGetOne_Sonic-16                          878953              1308 ns/op        9953.59 MB/s          32 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Sonic-16                         1000000              1182 ns/op        11016.84 MB/s         32 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Sonic-16                          831817              1232 ns/op        10569.39 MB/s         32 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Sonic-16                          979562              1198 ns/op        10870.91 MB/s         32 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Sonic-16                          930523              1189 ns/op        10956.22 MB/s         32 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Sonic-16                         1000000              1215 ns/op        10718.41 MB/s         32 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Sonic-16                          974142              1222 ns/op        10656.71 MB/s         32 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Sonic-16                         1000000              1245 ns/op        10456.85 MB/s         32 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Sonic-16                          971686              1227 ns/op        10610.24 MB/s         32 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Sonic-16                          981230              1214 ns/op        10729.66 MB/s         32 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Sonic-16                      938812              1268 ns/op        10271.51 MB/s         56 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Sonic-16                      947300              1295 ns/op        10056.15 MB/s         56 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Sonic-16                     1000000              1230 ns/op        10588.26 MB/s         56 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Sonic-16                      964974              1291 ns/op        10091.09 MB/s         56 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Sonic-16                      878860              1243 ns/op        10474.22 MB/s         56 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Sonic-16                      872864              1348 ns/op        9660.36 MB/s          56 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Sonic-16                      987982              1287 ns/op        10121.73 MB/s         56 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Sonic-16                      922160              1271 ns/op        10248.48 MB/s         56 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Sonic-16                      817058              1324 ns/op        9833.82 MB/s          56 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Sonic-16                      882301              1312 ns/op        9929.62 MB/s          56 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Parallel_Sonic-16                5727440               235.7 ns/op      55255.37 MB/s         33 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Parallel_Sonic-16                5369863               222.4 ns/op      58564.43 MB/s         33 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Parallel_Sonic-16                5203185               254.3 ns/op      51212.89 MB/s         33 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Parallel_Sonic-16                4898695               236.3 ns/op      55113.17 MB/s         33 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Parallel_Sonic-16                5038414               254.2 ns/op      51234.39 MB/s         33 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Parallel_Sonic-16                5049417               246.0 ns/op      52936.09 MB/s         33 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Parallel_Sonic-16                4310595               245.7 ns/op      52994.69 MB/s         33 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Parallel_Sonic-16                4627548               281.7 ns/op      46226.08 MB/s         33 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Parallel_Sonic-16                4450712               285.6 ns/op      45595.73 MB/s         33 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOne_Parallel_Sonic-16                3638448               306.8 ns/op      42443.90 MB/s         33 B/op          1 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Parallel_Sonic-16            3879680               343.8 ns/op      37878.47 MB/s         59 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Parallel_Sonic-16            3738738               303.9 ns/op      42848.85 MB/s         59 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Parallel_Sonic-16            3650202               323.0 ns/op      40324.44 MB/s         59 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Parallel_Sonic-16            4087995               323.1 ns/op      40303.63 MB/s         60 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Parallel_Sonic-16            4072354               294.7 ns/op      44189.79 MB/s         59 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Parallel_Sonic-16            4057981               338.9 ns/op      38431.59 MB/s         58 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Parallel_Sonic-16            3879730               338.4 ns/op      38488.79 MB/s         59 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Parallel_Sonic-16            3642368               328.8 ns/op      39605.56 MB/s         59 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Parallel_Sonic-16            4007350               333.7 ns/op      39023.50 MB/s         59 B/op          2 allocs/op
  BenchmarkGetOneSafe_Parallel_Sonic-16            4022107               332.6 ns/op      39155.85 MB/s         59 B/op          2 allocs/op

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Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 75.70850% with 60 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 71.58%. Comparing base (99f5b35) to head (95e7de9). Report is 17 commits behind head on main.

Files	Patch %	Lines
ast/node.go	77.57%	14 Missing and 10 partials :warning:
ast/buffer.go	68.88%	11 Missing and 3 partials :warning:
ast/parser.go	81.66%	9 Missing and 2 partials :warning:
api.go	0.00%	4 Missing :warning:
ast/iterator.go	55.55%	1 Missing and 3 partials :warning:
ast/search.go	70.00%	2 Missing and 1 partial :warning:

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HEAD has 5 uploads less than BASE

| Flag | BASE (99f5b35) | HEAD (95e7de9) | |------|------|------| ||7|2|

Additional details and impacted files

```diff @@ Coverage Diff @@ ## main #661 +/- ## ========================================== - Coverage 77.56% 71.58% -5.98% ========================================== Files 83 101 +18 Lines 11542 8194 -3348 ========================================== - Hits 8952 5866 -3086 + Misses 2192 2012 -180 + Partials 398 316 -82 ```

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