feat: write provenance to component metadata

[mr-cal]

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Write provenance to a component's meta/component.yaml file.

Also, use the SnapcraftMetadata model such that None and default fields are not written.

source: https://github.com/snapcore/snapd/pull/13964#discussion_r1604828668

Fixes #4827 (CRAFT-2980)

[mr-cal]

Waiting on https://github.com/snapcore/snapd/pull/14067 to land and be available on edge