🐍🔥 Drop Python 3.7 support

[burgholzer]

Description

Qiskit(-terra) is bound to drop Python 3.7 support in the upcoming 0.25.0 update and a warning is issued since the newly released 0.23.0. To avoid any future disruptions, Python 3.7 support is dropped with this PR.

Checklist:

• [x] The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• [x] I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• [x] I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• [x] The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

Merging #229 (c56214b) into main (a74b62a) will not change coverage. The diff coverage is n/a.

@@          Coverage Diff          @@
##            main    #229   +/-   ##
=====================================
  Coverage   96.8%   96.8%           
=====================================
  Files         33      33           
  Lines       1708    1708           
  Branches     210     210           
=====================================
  Hits        1655    1655           
  Misses        53      53           

Flag	Coverage Δ
cpp	96.8% <ø> (ø)
python	96.9% <ø> (ø)

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