Congrats on adding Rule Makers, Rule Breakers by Michele Gelfand to your bookshelf, I hope you enjoy it! It has an average of 4/5 stars and 1 ratings on Google Books.
Book details (JSON)
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When you're finished with reading this book, just close this issue and I'll mark it as completed. Best of luck! 👍
Page 15: As compared with groups that didn’t experience any collective painful experience, the groups that endured pain reported a remarkably higher sense of bonding. They also cooperated much more in subsequent economic games where each person in the group had opportunities to be selfish and take money for themselves.
Page 17: Clearly, it’s in our interest to adhere to social norms. Indeed, according to anthropologist Joseph Henrich, our survival as a species has depended on it.
Page 17: We can’t just credit our high IQs. If we were stranded alone on that island, our advanced ability to reason wouldn’t save us. Rather, when people have thrived in the face of adversity, they’ve done so because of other people and the social norms they’ve created together.
Page 18: Ignoring social norms not only can damage our reputations, but also may result in ostracism, even death.
Page 18: Thus the paradox: While norms have been the secret to our success, they’re also the source of massive conflict all around the world.
Page 44: Investors from tight areas evidently have more common experiences and perspectives, and are generally more sensitive to peer influence (or “herd behavior”), which leads them to make similar trading decisions.
Page 46: Tight cultures generally have low crime, high synchrony, and a high degree of self-control. Loose cultures, on the flip side, can be highly disorganized and suffer from a host of self-regulation failures. Yet loose cultures have a significant edge when it comes to being open—to new ideas, different people, and change—qualities that tight cultures sorely lack. This is the tight-loose trade-off in action.
Page 46: People from tight countries weren’t only less likely to win these competitions, but also less likely to enter. Even more telling, judges in tight cultures gave fewer awards to foreign participants’ ideas, presumably because these ideas were more radical than those the judges were accustomed to.
Page 57: groups that deal with many ecological and historical threats need to do everything they can to create order in the face of chaos.
Page 102: The greater the threat, the tighter the community. By contrast, when groups don’t have to worry about food, water, disease, or invasions, they don’t need as many strict rules to coordinate, and they evolve into more permissive societies.
Page 116: It’s easy to identify the financial situations and educational credentials that distinguish the lower and upper classes. But beneath these statistics lies a distinction that is often invisible to the naked eye: the difference in the levels of threat they experience.
Page 116: slipping into hard living—a term he uses to describe the dregs of poverty—is a relentless preoccupation among the working class that motivates them to vigilantly guard their precarious status. Whereas upper-class individuals experience the world as safe and welcoming, lower-class individuals tend to view it as fraught with extreme danger.
Page 120: when we asked our survey respondents to free-associate from the word rules, upper-class respondents were more likely to write down negative words such as bad, frustrating, and constricting, while lower-class participants consistently wrote down positive words such as good, safe, and structure.
Page 123: The working class has what psychologists call “strict” or “narrow” socialization, and the upper class has “lenient” or “broad” socialization.
Page 123: lower-class parents more often say that there are firm rules their children have to follow, more often monitor their children’s behavior, and more often mete out punishments to correct poor behavior.
Page 124: Knowing that their children will likely have to navigate a world of social threat—and work at jobs where they have little discretion—lower-class parents emphasize the importance of conformity to try to help them succeed.
Page 125: The working class uses what he calls a “restricted code” form of speech defined by simpler and more concrete grammatical constructions with fewer counterfactual statements (like what if). Meanwhile, the middle class has an “elaborated code” of speech that is more abstract and complex and more flexible.
Page 126: found that 72 percent of lower-class participants chose a pen that was in the majority color, whereas only 44 percent of upper-class participants did. When given the opportunity to conform or stand out, lower-class individuals, this study showed, prefer to blend in whereas upper-class individuals prefer to be unique.
Page 128: Drivers of the cars that ranked lowest on luxury cut off people on foot 0 percent of the time, while drivers in the nicest cars cut people off a whopping 46 percent of the time. Clearly, people of higher social status are less concerned about yielding to pedestrians (and following the law!).
Page 131: Groups that have greater power—those that control important resources—have far more latitude to deviate from rules.
Page 131: Similarly, a study looking at the financial advisor industry found that although misconduct is more frequent among male employees, women are more likely to be punished, and more severely so.
Page 180: Not only is ambiguity in this type of environment atypical—and thus psychologically jarring—but it also raises the fear of threat: What if I accidentally break a rule? Will I be punished, and how?
Page 181: No surprise, then, that they prefer structured environments that are less likely to stress these carefully honed qualities.
Page 181: Just like other aspects of the tight-loose mind-set, tolerance for ambiguity has a huge impact on our decisions. For one thing, people who avoid ambiguity react much more negatively to changes in their daily routines.
Page 181: People who have a low tolerance for ambiguity also have trouble dealing with people who are unfamiliar or different from themselves.
Page 185: who have to constantly navigate different cultural codes. At home, their parents enforce a tight mind-set, yet at school, they feel compelled to switch to a looser mind-set among friends and even teachers. Unsurprisingly, this constant code switching can be difficult.
Page 192: After centuries of debate, the question remains unresolved: Which better promotes human welfare—freedom or constraint?
Page 193: In this view, it’s the balance of tight and loose—of constraint and freedom—that might be the critical societal ideal.
Page 194: This newfound freedom, Fromm observed, left many people feeling isolated, untethered, and lacking a sense of order—a recipe for high existential anxiety. To bring a semblance of order back into their lives, he theorized, individuals latch on to authoritarianism and conformity.
Page 196: The nations that were extremely tight and extremely loose had the lowest levels of happiness and the highest levels of suicide.
Page 200: Studies show that both too much and too little synchrony among neurons are associated with a host of brain disorders.
Page 204: trying to make the best choice backfired due to people’s regret about the many roads not taken.
Page 209: While all of these upheavals have unique elements, each demonstrates a simple truth: Humans crave social order. When people experience disorder and normlessness—when they become exceedingly loose—they desperately yearn for security.
Page 220: “John Walker Lindh rebelled against freedom. He did not demand to express himself in different ways. Quite the opposite. He wanted to be told precisely how to dress, to eat, to think, to pray. He wanted a value system of absolutes, and he was willing to go to extreme lengths to find it.” In short, he felt more at home in a tight culture compared with his loose motherland.
Page 223: events like Brexit and the Trump presidency in 2016, were largely brought about by individuals who felt increasingly threatened by economic decline and social disruption in a rapidly changing world. They wanted to return to a tight social order, and populist leaders around the world were ready to exploit this.
Page 224: They were particularly worried about being displaced by the increasing numbers of immigrants in the United States. For them, being part of an extremist group was a response to the fear of becoming obsolete. As we know, when there is threat—whether physical, economic, or even spiritual—groups tighten up, and negative outgroup attitudes soon follow.
Page 225: It’s simple: When immigrants are discriminated against and made to feel “culturally homeless”—that they don’t belong—they may be more susceptible to recruitment by radicals who exploit these experiences and welcome them with open arms.
Page 228: As these quotes show, interventions that improve our understanding of people from other cultures hold tremendous promise for defusing stereotypes, heading off conflict, and resolving intercultural disputes.
Page 237: The Internet poses a dilemma: We need to have loose mind-sets to adapt to technology, yet we need tighter norms to regulate the destructive, normless, and fear-mongering behavior that it enables.
Congrats on adding Rule Makers, Rule Breakers by Michele Gelfand to your bookshelf, I hope you enjoy it! It has an average of 4/5 stars and 1 ratings on Google Books.
Book details (JSON)
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