Pathogenesis, Jonathan Kennedy (32%)

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```json { "title": "Pathogenesis", "authors": [ "Jonathan Kennedy" ], "publisher": "Crown", "publishedDate": "2023-04-18", "description": "A “gripping” (The Washington Post) account of how the major transformations in history—from the rise of Homo sapiens to the birth of capitalism—have been shaped not by humans but by germs “Superbly written . . . Kennedy seamlessly weaves together scientific and historical research, and his confident authorial voice is sure to please readers of Yuval Noah Harari or Rutger Bregman.”—The Times (U.K.) According to the accepted narrative of progress, humans have thrived thanks to their brains and brawn, collectively bending the arc of history. But in this revelatory book, Professor Jonathan Kennedy argues that the myth of human exceptionalism overstates the role that we play in social and political change. Instead, it is the humble microbe that wins wars and topples empires. Drawing on the latest research in fields ranging from genetics and anthropology to archaeology and economics, Pathogenesis takes us through sixty thousand years of history, exploring eight major outbreaks of infectious disease that have made the modern world. Bacteria and viruses were protagonists in the demise of the Neanderthals, the growth of Islam, the transition from feudalism to capitalism, the devastation wrought by European colonialism, and the evolution of the United States from an imperial backwater to a global superpower. Even Christianity rose to prominence in the wake of a series of deadly pandemics that swept through the Roman Empire in the second and third centuries: Caring for the sick turned what was a tiny sect into one of the world’s major religions. By placing disease at the center of his wide-ranging history of humankind, Kennedy challenges some of the most fundamental assumptions about our collective past—and urges us to view this moment as another disease-driven inflection point that will change the course of history. Provocative and brimming with insight, Pathogenesis transforms our understanding of the human story.", "image": "http://books.google.com/books/content?id=YzB1EAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&source=gbs_api", "language": "en", "categories": [ "History" ], "pageCount": 308, "isbn10": "0593240480", "isbn13": "9780593240489", "googleBooks": { "id": "YzB1EAAAQBAJ", "preview": "http://books.google.com/books?id=YzB1EAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Pathogenesis,+Jonathan+Kennedy&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api", "info": "https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=YzB1EAAAQBAJ&source=gbs_api", "canonical": "https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=YzB1EAAAQBAJ" } } ```

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98: There are about 8.7 million species of animals, plants and fungi on earth,[6] compared to an estimated 1 trillion—1 million million—types of bacteria and archaea.[7] Less than 0.001 percent of all species on the planet are eukaryotes.
149: But only about 220 types of virus are known to be capable of infecting humans.[20] Most are so-called bacteriophages or phages—from the Greek “to devour.”
153: A retrovirus is a specific type of virus that reproduces by inserting a copy of its DNA into the genome of the host cell.
201: A variety of idioms in the English language seem to link our brains and bellies: you can have a gut feeling or gut instinct about something; butterflies, knots or a pit in your stomach; find a situation gut-wrenching; or ruminate on a problem. A recent editorial in Nature noted that “Just ten years ago, the idea that microorganisms in the human gut could influence the brain was often dismissed as wild…Not any more.”
225: Most of us still retain an anthropocentric worldview—one in which our species holds dominion over nature, despite all the evidence to the contrary. Our planet is still understood as little more than a stage on which humans act out their parts. This is apparent in the way that most people understand history.
577: After they reproduced, Homo sapiens retained certain Neanderthal gene variants which helped them to survive as they migrated northward. Geneticists call this “adaptive introgression”—and it is the closest that humans can get to the process of horizontal gene transfer,
598: Homo sapiens to adapt to the new pathogens that they encountered as they migrated out of Africa. This process has been called the “poison-antidote model” of adaptive introgression:
3872: In 1905, the total sum of money spent by local governments was greater than that of the national government for the first and only time in modern history as they poured money into improving public health.[63]
3928: This changed when the New Liberal government that included Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George won a landslide victory in the 1906 general election. They ushered in a new era of centrally organized and funded state activism. Within the space of a few years, the government had established initiatives including old age pensions, labor exchanges, free school meals and workers’ national insurance against sickness and unemployment.[71]

Notes

227: So we shouldn't be concerned about destroying the planet

98: There are about 8.7 million species of animals, plants and fungi on earth,[6] compared to an estimated 1 trillion—1 million million—types of bacteria and archaea.[7] Less than 0.001 percent of all species on the planet are eukaryotes.
149: But only about 220 types of virus are known to be capable of infecting humans.[20] Most are so-called bacteriophages or phages—from the Greek “to devour.”
153: A retrovirus is a specific type of virus that reproduces by inserting a copy of its DNA into the genome of the host cell.
201: A variety of idioms in the English language seem to link our brains and bellies: you can have a gut feeling or gut instinct about something; butterflies, knots or a pit in your stomach; find a situation gut-wrenching; or ruminate on a problem. A recent editorial in Nature noted that “Just ten years ago, the idea that microorganisms in the human gut could influence the brain was often dismissed as wild…Not any more.”
225: Most of us still retain an anthropocentric worldview—one in which our species holds dominion over nature, despite all the evidence to the contrary. Our planet is still understood as little more than a stage on which humans act out their parts. This is apparent in the way that most people understand history.
577: After they reproduced, Homo sapiens retained certain Neanderthal gene variants which helped them to survive as they migrated northward. Geneticists call this “adaptive introgression”—and it is the closest that humans can get to the process of horizontal gene transfer,
598: Homo sapiens to adapt to the new pathogens that they encountered as they migrated out of Africa. This process has been called the “poison-antidote model” of adaptive introgression:
3872: In 1905, the total sum of money spent by local governments was greater than that of the national government for the first and only time in modern history as they poured money into improving public health.[63]
3928: This changed when the New Liberal government that included Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George won a landslide victory in the 1906 general election. They ushered in a new era of centrally organized and funded state activism. Within the space of a few years, the government had established initiatives including old age pensions, labor exchanges, free school meals and workers’ national insurance against sickness and unemployment.[71]

Notes

227: So we shouldn't be concerned about destroying the planet

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Pathogenesis, Jonathan Kennedy (32%) #98