release-24.3: sql/schemachanger: Correct version gate for ALTER COLUMN TYPE

[spilchen]

Backport 1/1 commits from #135731.

/cc @cockroachdb/release

---

Previously, a version gate of 24.2 was applied to certain ALTER COLUMN TYPE operations. For trivial or validation-only changes, support for ALTER COLUMN TYPE in the declarative schema changer was added in PRs

126143 and #127823. However, the wrong version gate was used; these

changes were first introduced in version 24.3.0. This update corrects the version gate to reflect that.

Epic: CRDB-25314 Closes #132523 Release note: none Release justification: low risk bug fix for any one using alter column type in a mixed-mode environment

[blathers-crl[bot]]

Thanks for opening a backport.

Please check the backport criteria before merging:

• [ ] Backports should only be created for serious issues or test-only changes.
• [ ] Backports should not break backwards-compatibility.
• [ ] Backports should change as little code as possible.
• [ ] Backports should not change on-disk formats or node communication protocols.
• [ ] Backports should not add new functionality (except as defined here).
• [ ] Backports must not add, edit, or otherwise modify cluster versions; or add version gates.
• [ ] All backports must be reviewed by the owning areas TL. For more information as to how that review should be conducted, please consult the backport policy.

If your backport adds new functionality, please ensure that the following additional criteria are satisfied:

- [ ] There is a high priority need for the functionality that cannot wait until the next release and is difficult to address in another way. - [ ] The new functionality is additive-only and only runs for clusters which have specifically “opted in” to it (e.g. by a cluster setting). - [ ] New code is protected by a conditional check that is trivial to verify and ensures that it only runs for opt-in clusters. State changes must be further protected such that nodes running old binaries will not be negatively impacted by the new state (with a mixed version test added). - [ ] The PM and TL on the team that owns the changed code have signed off that the change obeys the above rules. - [ ] Your backport must be accompanied by a post to the appropriate Slack channel (#db-backports-point-releases or #db-backports-XX-X-release) for awareness and discussion.

Also, please add a brief release justification to the body of your PR to justify this backport.

[cockroach-teamcity]

This change is