Prefix (++i), rather than postfix (i++), increment/decrement operators should be used in for-loop

[code423n4]

Handle

IllIllI

Vulnerability details

Impact

When the value of the post-loop increment/decrement is not stored or used in any calculations, the prefix increment/decrement operators (++i/--i) cost less gas (five) PER LOOP than the postfix increment/decrement operators (i++/i--). If the account has 20 or more vaults, each subsequent call to addVault() will cost more than 100 gas. The same issue is present for removeVault() and for _getDepositedBalance() in ConvexYieldWrapper.sol, and is present in ConvexStakingWrapper.sol's addRewards(), _calCvxIntegral(), _calRewardIntegral(), _checkpoint(), _checkpointAndClaim(), and earned(), for a total of nine instances of three extra gas per loop, each. If a user has only a few vaults, but calls a few of these functions, the gas used will be more than 100.

Proof of Concept

Taking this line as an example:

for (uint256 i = 0; i < vaultsLength; i++) {

https://github.com/code-423n4/2022-01-yield/blob/e946f40239b33812e54fafc700eb2298df1a2579/contracts/ConvexYieldWrapper.sol#L63

when the line remains as is, and the contract is compiled and deployed using hardhat (with settings {"compiler": { version: "0.8.6", settings: { optimizer: { enabled: true, runs: 200000 } } } }), the contract has the following 'bad' deployed bytecode:

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When the line is changed to use a prefix increment: for (uint256 i = 0; i < vaultsLength; ++i) {

it has the following 'good' deployed bytecode:

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Drilling down to the opcodes in the specific for-loop, we see

with i++ (bad):

3878(0xf26) JUMPDEST(0x5b/0xf26) 
3879(0xf27) DUP1(0x80) 
3880(0xf28) PUSH2(0x61) 0x0f,0x30
3883(0xf2b) DUP2(0x81) 
3884(0xf2c) PUSH2(0x61) 0x4e,0x97
3887(0xf2f) JUMP(0x56) 
3888(0xf30) JUMPDEST(0x5b/0xf30) 
3889(0xf31) SWAP2(0x91) 
3890(0xf32) POP(0x50) 
3891(0xf33) POP(0x50) 
3892(0xf34) PUSH2(0x61) 0x0e,0x52
3895(0xf37) JUMP(0x56) 

and with ++i (good):

3878(0xf26) JUMPDEST(0x5b/0xf26) 
3879(0xf27) PUSH2(0x61) 0x0f,0x2f
3882(0xf2a) DUP2(0x81) 
3883(0xf2b) PUSH2(0x61) 0x4e,0x95
3886(0xf2e) JUMP(0x56) 
3887(0xf2f) JUMPDEST(0x5b/0xf2f) 
3888(0xf30) SWAP1(0x90) 
3889(0xf31) POP(0x50) 
3890(0xf32) PUSH2(0x61) 0x0e,0x52
3893(0xf35) JUMP(0x56)

As compared to the good version, bad version contains an extra DUP1 (costing 3 extra gas) at program counter 3879, has a SWAP2 at pc 3889 versus good's SWAP1 (same cost), and the bad version has an extra POP (costing 2 extra gas) at pc 3891.

Tools Used

Hardhat npx @remix-project/remix-lib

Recommended Mitigation Steps

Use ++i rather than i++ in all places

[alcueca]

Duplicate of #14, but feel free to take this one as main if you like it verbose.