obatirou
commented
2 years ago 1. Cheap Contract Deployment Through Clones (disputed)
Not really a use case here as we are deploying those contracts only one time
Open code423n4 opened 2 years ago
obatirou
commented
2 years ago Not really a use case here as we are deploying those contracts only one time
obatirou
commented
2 years ago Duplicate of issue 14 of Gas opti report #75
obatirou
commented
2 years ago Confirmed Missed occurrence found in #39
Yashiru
commented
2 years ago Duplicated of #89 at Use Shift Right/Left instead of Division/Multiplication
maximebrugel
commented
2 years ago payable should not be used as a gas optimization, even more if it only concerns the owner.
maximebrugel
commented
2 years ago Yashiru
commented
2 years ago Duplicated of #2 at For loop optimizaion
Duplicated of #2 at For loop optimizaion
Duplicated of #2 at For loop optimizaion
Duplicated of #2 at For loop optimizaion
obatirou
commented
2 years ago https://github.com/code-423n4/2022-06-nested-findings/issues/29#issuecomment-1165702145
Table of Contents:
require()statements that use&&saves gas<array>.lengthshould not be looked up in every loop of afor-loop++icosts less gas compared toi++ori += 1(same for--ivsi--ori -= 1)payable1. Cheap Contract Deployment Through Clones
There's a way to save a significant amount of gas on deployment using Clones: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mw-pMmJ7TA .
This is a solution that was adopted, as an example, by Porter Finance. They realized that deploying using clones was 10x cheaper:
I suggest applying a similar pattern.
2. Reduce the size of error messages (Long revert Strings)
Shortening revert strings to fit in 32 bytes will decrease deployment time gas and will decrease runtime gas when the revert condition is met.
Revert strings that are longer than 32 bytes require at least one additional mstore, along with additional overhead for computing memory offset, etc.
Revert strings > 32 bytes:
I suggest shortening the revert strings to fit in 32 bytes.
3. Splitting
require()statements that use&&saves gasIf you're using the Optimizer at 200, instead of using the
&&operator in a single require statement to check multiple conditions, I suggest using multiple require statements with 1 condition per require statement:Please, note that this might not hold true at a higher number of runs for the Optimizer (10k). However, it indeed is true at 200.
4. Using private rather than public for constants saves gas
If needed, the value can be read from the verified contract source code. Savings are due to the compiler not having to create non-payable getter functions for deployment calldata, and not adding another entry to the method ID table
5. Use shift right/left instead of division/multiplication if possible
While the
DIV/MULopcode uses 5 gas, theSHR/SHLopcode only uses 3 gas. Furthermore, beware that Solidity's division operation also includes a division-by-0 prevention which is bypassed using shifting. Eventually, overflow checks are never performed for shift operations as they are done for arithmetic operations. Instead, the result is always truncated.>> 1instead of/ 2>> 2instead of/ 4<< 3instead of* 8Affected code:
6.
<array>.lengthshould not be looked up in every loop of afor-loopReading array length at each iteration of the loop consumes more gas than necessary.
In the best case scenario (length read on a memory variable), caching the array length in the stack saves around 3 gas per iteration. In the worst case scenario (external calls at each iteration), the amount of gas wasted can be massive.
Here, I suggest storing the array's length in a variable before the for-loop, and use this new variable instead:
7.
++icosts less gas compared toi++ori += 1(same for--ivsi--ori -= 1)Pre-increments and pre-decrements are cheaper.
For a
uint256 ivariable, the following is true with the Optimizer enabled at 10k:Increment:
i += 1is the most expensive formi++costs 6 gas less thani += 1++icosts 5 gas less thani++(11 gas less thani += 1)Decrement:
i -= 1is the most expensive formi--costs 11 gas less thani -= 1--icosts 5 gas less thani--(16 gas less thani -= 1)Note that post-increments (or post-decrements) return the old value before incrementing or decrementing, hence the name post-increment:
However, pre-increments (or pre-decrements) return the new value:
In the pre-increment case, the compiler has to create a temporary variable (when used) for returning
1instead of2.Affected code:
Consider using pre-increments and pre-decrements where they are relevant (meaning: not where post-increments/decrements logic are relevant).
8. Increments/decrements can be unchecked in for-loops
In Solidity 0.8+, there's a default overflow check on unsigned integers. It's possible to uncheck this in for-loops and save some gas at each iteration, but at the cost of some code readability, as this uncheck cannot be made inline.
ethereum/solidity#10695
Affected code:
The change would be:
The same can be applied with decrements (which should use
breakwheni == 0).The risk of overflow is non-existant for
uint256here.9. It costs more gas to initialize variables with their default value than letting the default value be applied
If a variable is not set/initialized, it is assumed to have the default value (
0foruint,falseforbool,address(0)for address...). Explicitly initializing it with its default value is an anti-pattern and wastes gas.As an example:
for (uint256 i = 0; i < numIterations; ++i) {should be replaced withfor (uint256 i; i < numIterations; ++i) {Affected code:
I suggest removing explicit initializations for default values.
10. Use Custom Errors instead of Revert Strings to save Gas
Solidity 0.8.4 introduced custom errors. They are more gas efficient than revert strings, when it comes to deploy cost as well as runtime cost when the revert condition is met. Use custom errors instead of revert strings for gas savings.
Custom errors from Solidity 0.8.4 are cheaper than revert strings (cheaper deployment cost and runtime cost when the revert condition is met)
Source: https://blog.soliditylang.org/2021/04/21/custom-errors/:
Custom errors are defined using the
errorstatement, which can be used inside and outside of contracts (including interfaces and libraries).Consider replacing all revert strings with custom errors in the solution.
11. Functions guaranteed to revert when called by normal users can be marked
payableIf a function modifier such as
onlyOwneris used, the function will revert if a normal user tries to pay the function. Marking the function aspayablewill lower the gas cost for legitimate callers because the compiler will not include checks for whether a payment was provided.