gha: update CodeQL action to v3, run on go1.22

[thaJeztah]

gha: update CodeQL action to run on go1.22

follow-up to f0f6869d0dfa7a977b939b91e47fe36bf9c6bbc1 (https://github.com/containerd/continuity/pull/242), where I missed that CodeQL also had a go version set.

gha: update CodeQL action to v3, as v2 is deprecated

Support for CodeQL actions v2 will end on December 5th, 2024

• https://github.com/github/codeql-action/blob/main/README.md#supported-versions-of-the-codeql-action
• https://github.blog/changelog/2024-01-12-code-scanning-deprecation-of-codeql-action-v2/