Allow users to install apps from third-party app stores and sideload directly from the internet.
Allow developers to offer third-party payment systems in apps and promote offers outside the gatekeeper's platforms.
Allow developers to integrate their apps and digital services directly with those belonging to a gatekeeper. This includes making messaging, voice-calling, and video-calling services interoperable with third-party services upon request.
Give developers access to any hardware feature, such as "near-field communication technology, secure elements and processors, authentication mechanisms, and the software used to control those technologies."
Ensure that all apps are uninstallable and give users the ability to unsubscribe from core platform services under similar conditions to subscription.
Give users the option to change the default voice assistant to a third-party option.
Share data and metrics with developers and competitors, including marketing and advertising performance data.
Set up an independent "compliance function" group to monitor its compliance with EU legislation with an independent senior manager and sufficient authority, resources, and access to management.
Inform the European Commission of their mergers and acquisitions.
The DMA also seeks to ensure that gatekeepers can no longer:
Pre-install certain software applications and require users to use any important default software services such as web browsers.
Require app developers to use certain services or frameworks, including browser engines, payment systems, and identity providers, to be listed in app stores.
Give their own their own products, apps, or services preferential treatment or rank them higher than those of others.
Reuse private data collected during a service for the purposes of another service.
前提假设是,如果我们希望社会演化方向是不断接近自由公平而又有发展活力,那么我们应该去想些什么、做些什么。这里主要是针对大公司与机构的一些想法。封建资本主义方面,我想说的是,类似封邦建国的形式去获得或垄断一些资源,在此基础上追求资本的不断高速增值。在商业伦理方面,首先商业要服务于用户,其次商业要实现盈利。如果不优先考虑服务于用户,那么欺骗、奴役甚至杀人掠财那都是合理行为了。
一,大公司占据有限资源。通过其雄厚的资本、掌控的市场以及标准界定等权力,大公司能优先抢占甚至垄断有限的社会优质资源,这样就能极大地提高市场准入门槛,减少市场竞争,降低社会发展活力。在这方面,更多是现实状况而不存在伦理问题。但既然控制了更多资源就要能做出更多的贡献。举例,假如一家公司通过权力与金融等手段运作,买下了某重要城市的绝大多数土地,或者多家公司相互勾结形成联盟,然后就能掌控定价权获取低风险的高额利润。
二,大公司捆绑用户。首先不给或很少给用户选择权,让用户只能做出有限的更加昂贵的选择。其次,一方面想方设法获取用户尽可能多的隐私数据,但又阻碍其他人去获取到这类数据,这样垄断资源以活得更多商业优势。最后,通过产品生态的数据绑定,提高用户的沉默成本,让用户难以迁移与退出。在某些方面上,这样做确实能让产品更简单更好用,但这并非大公司的本意。给予默认选择与不给选择权是有很大区别的,用户易进难出更是让我想起了某些宗教。
三,大公司操纵用户。这体现在正向营销宣传与负向公关压制方面。且不说大公司习惯性定义各种名词来忽悠用户,甚至不惜数据造假来欺骗用户。更有甚者,大肆宣传自己也不相信的一些价值观,在不同地方宣传对立的价值观。对其有利的事情,他们能通过广告营销大肆宣传;对其不利的事情,他们就打压传播负面信息的机构与个体,普通人要被粉丝与公关攻击甚至惨遭牢狱之灾,媒体记者也要因为新闻报道而丧命。
四,竞争无效与没有选择。资本市场推崇的正向力量,竞争与选择,已逐渐没有参与感。竞争已经被各种限制不断地削弱,甚至以国家力量都难以参与竞争。用户也没用足够的时间与精力去做事无巨细的梳理与选择,甚至就没有选择。
以上这些,并不是要一刀切否定大公司、否定资本,而是想去了解一件事情的负面影响是什么,以及我们能否去克服减少这些负面影响。如果公平性过于失衡,社会分配越来越畸形,导致参与劳动生产的人,有消费欲望无消费能力,社会生产动力会越来越弱,财富分配压力更大,可能会激发剧烈的变革。
为什么在讨论大公司,而不是讨论数量更多小公司与数量极多的个体。因为大公司占据了太多的社会资源,不仅仅是生产资源,也包括影响力与注意力,众生仰望明星,大公司的堕落只会让社会更加堕落更无底线。
如果将这个大公司换成政府,在上述方面也有很高的相似性。