estivation

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The mosquitoes implicated in WNV transmission estivate. This requires a time-varying parameter giving the % of mosquitoes going into the estivation state and another giving the % of mosquitoes coming out of that state. One way to do this is to modify the RM model in MicroMoB, another is to do an RM_estivate in this package.

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Paper references:

• modeling diapause in mosquito pop growth: sets of DDE
• Climate-based models for West Nile Culex mosquito vectors in the Northeastern US: discrete time equations

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Culex quinquefasciatus, the main vector does not undergo diapause, instead is quiescence.

1. general overview of biology of the process https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-017-2235-0
2. Culex overwintering 1: https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/50/4/773/889947?login=true
3. Culex overwintering 2: https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/79/4/677/215052?login=true

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Quiescence seems mostly temperature driven, so biting rates and (subsequently) egg laying should fall off for adults. The adults who survive seem to retreat into underground habitats, like storm drains.

In the aquatic stages, it seems that the egg to larvae transition is nearly paused, while egg mortality is greatly reduced, through resistance to desiccation and hardier eggs overall.