echobom
commented
2 years ago sudo ifconfig lo: 127.0.0.2 netmask 255.0.0.0 upOpen echobom opened 2 years ago
echobom
commented
2 years ago sudo ifconfig lo: 127.0.0.2 netmask 255.0.0.0 up$ cd ci-scripts/yaml_files/5g_l2sim_tdd
$ docker-compose up -d mysql oai-nrf oai-amf oai-smf oai-spgwu oai-ext-dn$ docker-compose up -d oai-gnb$ docker-compose up -d proxy oai-nr-ue0In the SMF section, provide your own DNS IP address:
DEFAULT_DNS_IPV4_ADDRESS=172.21.3.100In the gNB section, provide your docker-host primary IP address and interface name: in our case 172.21.16.128 and eno1.
GNB_NGA_IF_NAME: eno1
GNB_NGA_IP_ADDRESS: 172.21.16.128
GNB_NGU_IF_NAME: eno1
GNB_NGU_IP_ADDRESS: 172.21.16.128Same thing in the nr-ue section:
NR_UE_NFAPI_IF_NAME: eno1$ docker exec -it l2sim-oai-gnb bash/opt/oai-gnb/bin/nr-softmodem.Rel15 -O /opt/oai-gnb/etc/gnb.conf --sa --nfapi 2 --emulate-l1
--log_config.global_log_options level time thread_id nocolor# cat /opt/oai-gnb/etc/gnb.conf
Active_gNBs = ( "gnb-l2sim-vnf");
# Asn1_verbosity, choice in: none, info, annoying
Asn1_verbosity = "none";
gNBs =
(
{
////////// Identification parameters:
gNB_ID = 0xe00;
gNB_name = "gnb-l2sim-vnf";
// Tracking area code, 0x0000 and 0xfffe are reserved values
tracking_area_code = 1;
plmn_list = ({
mcc = 208;
mnc = 99;
mnc_length = 2;
snssaiList = (
{
sst = 1;
sd = 0x1; // 0 false, else true
},
{
sst = 1;
sd = 0x112233; // 0 false, else true
}
);
});
nr_cellid = 12345678L;
////////// Physical parameters:
ssb_SubcarrierOffset = 0;
min_rxtxtime = 6;
pdcch_ConfigSIB1 = (
{
controlResourceSetZero = 12;
searchSpaceZero = 0;
}
);
servingCellConfigCommon = (
{
#spCellConfigCommon
physCellId = 0;
# downlinkConfigCommon
#frequencyInfoDL
# this is 3600 MHz + 43 PRBs@30kHz SCS (same as initial BWP)
absoluteFrequencySSB = 641280;
dl_frequencyBand = 78;
# this is 3600 MHz
dl_absoluteFrequencyPointA = 640008;
#scs-SpecificCarrierList
dl_offstToCarrier = 0;
# subcarrierSpacing
# 0=kHz15, 1=kHz30, 2=kHz60, 3=kHz120
dl_subcarrierSpacing = 1;
dl_carrierBandwidth = 106;
#initialDownlinkBWP
#genericParameters
# this is RBstart=27,L=48 (275*(L-1))+RBstart
initialDLBWPlocationAndBandwidth = 12952; # 6366 12925 12956 28875 12952
# subcarrierSpacing
# 0=kHz15, 1=kHz30, 2=kHz60, 3=kHz120
initialDLBWPsubcarrierSpacing = 1;
#pdcch-ConfigCommon
initialDLBWPcontrolResourceSetZero = 12;
initialDLBWPsearchSpaceZero = 0;
#uplinkConfigCommon
#frequencyInfoUL
ul_frequencyBand = 78;
#scs-SpecificCarrierList
ul_offstToCarrier = 0;
# subcarrierSpacing
# 0=kHz15, 1=kHz30, 2=kHz60, 3=kHz120
ul_subcarrierSpacing = 1;
ul_carrierBandwidth = 106;
pMax = 20;
#initialUplinkBWP
#genericParameters
initialULBWPlocationAndBandwidth = 12952;
# subcarrierSpacing
# 0=kHz15, 1=kHz30, 2=kHz60, 3=kHz120
initialULBWPsubcarrierSpacing = 1;
#rach-ConfigCommon
#rach-ConfigGeneric
prach_ConfigurationIndex = 98;
#prach_msg1_FDM
#0 = one, 1=two, 2=four, 3=eight
prach_msg1_FDM = 0;
prach_msg1_FrequencyStart = 0;
zeroCorrelationZoneConfig = 13;
preambleReceivedTargetPower = -96;
#preamblTransMax (0...10) = (3,4,5,6,7,8,10,20,50,100,200)
preambleTransMax = 6;
#powerRampingStep
# 0=dB0,1=dB2,2=dB4,3=dB6
powerRampingStep = 1;
#ra_ReponseWindow
#1,2,4,8,10,20,40,80
ra_ResponseWindow = 4;
#ssb_perRACH_OccasionAndCB_PreamblesPerSSB_PR
#1=oneeighth,2=onefourth,3=half,4=one,5=two,6=four,7=eight,8=sixteen
ssb_perRACH_OccasionAndCB_PreamblesPerSSB_PR = 4;
#oneHalf (0..15) 4,8,12,16,...60,64
ssb_perRACH_OccasionAndCB_PreamblesPerSSB = 14;
#ra_ContentionResolutionTimer
#(0..7) 8,16,24,32,40,48,56,64
ra_ContentionResolutionTimer = 7;
rsrp_ThresholdSSB = 19;
#prach-RootSequenceIndex_PR
#1 = 839, 2 = 139
prach_RootSequenceIndex_PR = 2;
prach_RootSequenceIndex = 1;
# SCS for msg1, can only be 15 for 30 kHz < 6 GHz, takes precendence over the one derived from prach-ConfigIndex
#
msg1_SubcarrierSpacing = 1,
# restrictedSetConfig
# 0=unrestricted, 1=restricted type A, 2=restricted type B
restrictedSetConfig = 0,
msg3_DeltaPreamble = 1;
p0_NominalWithGrant =-90;
# pucch-ConfigCommon setup :
# pucchGroupHopping
# 0 = neither, 1= group hopping, 2=sequence hopping
pucchGroupHopping = 0;
hoppingId = 40;
p0_nominal = -90;
# ssb_PositionsInBurs_BitmapPR
# 1=short, 2=medium, 3=long
ssb_PositionsInBurst_PR = 2;
ssb_PositionsInBurst_Bitmap = 1;
# ssb_periodicityServingCell
# 0 = ms5, 1=ms10, 2=ms20, 3=ms40, 4=ms80, 5=ms160, 6=spare2, 7=spare1
ssb_periodicityServingCell = 2;
# dmrs_TypeA_position
# 0 = pos2, 1 = pos3
dmrs_TypeA_Position = 0;
# subcarrierSpacing
# 0=kHz15, 1=kHz30, 2=kHz60, 3=kHz120
subcarrierSpacing = 1;
#tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationCommon
# subcarrierSpacing
# 0=kHz15, 1=kHz30, 2=kHz60, 3=kHz120
referenceSubcarrierSpacing = 1;
# pattern1
# dl_UL_TransmissionPeriodicity
# 0=ms0p5, 1=ms0p625, 2=ms1, 3=ms1p25, 4=ms2, 5=ms2p5, 6=ms5, 7=ms10
dl_UL_TransmissionPeriodicity = 6;
nrofDownlinkSlots = 7;
nrofDownlinkSymbols = 6;
nrofUplinkSlots = 2;
nrofUplinkSymbols = 4;
ssPBCH_BlockPower = -25;
}
);
# ------- SCTP definitions
SCTP :
{
# Number of streams to use in input/output
SCTP_INSTREAMS = 2;
SCTP_OUTSTREAMS = 2;
};
////////// AMF parameters:
amf_ip_address = ( { ipv4 = "192.168.71.132";
ipv6 = "192:168:30::17";
active = "yes";
preference = "ipv4";
}
);
NETWORK_INTERFACES :
{
GNB_INTERFACE_NAME_FOR_NG_AMF = "ens38";
GNB_IPV4_ADDRESS_FOR_NG_AMF = "192.168.133.150";
GNB_INTERFACE_NAME_FOR_NGU = "ens38";
GNB_IPV4_ADDRESS_FOR_NGU = "192.168.133.150";
GNB_PORT_FOR_NGU = 2152; # Spec 2152
};
}
);
MACRLCs = (
{
num_cc = 1;
local_s_if_name = "lo:";
remote_s_address = "127.0.0.1"; // pnf addr [!]
local_s_address = "127.0.0.2"; // vnf addr
local_s_portc = 50601; // vnf p5 port
remote_s_portc = 50600; // pnf p5 port [!]
local_s_portd = 50611; // vnf p7 port [!]
remote_s_portd = 50610; // pnf p7 port [!]
tr_s_preference = "nfapi";
tr_n_preference = "local_RRC";
}
);
L1s = (
{
num_cc = 1;
tr_n_preference = "local_mac";
thread_pool_size = 8;
prach_dtx_threshold = 120;
pucch0_dtx_threshold = 150;
}
);
RUs = (
{
local_rf = "yes"
nb_tx = 1
nb_rx = 1
att_tx = 0
att_rx = 0;
bands = [78];
max_pdschReferenceSignalPower = -27;
max_rxgain = 75;
eNB_instances = [0];
#beamforming 1x4 matrix:
bf_weights = [0x00007fff, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000];
#clock_src = "external";
sdr_addrs = "mgmt_addr=172.21.19.14,addr=192.168.10.2,second_addr=192.168.20.2,clock_source=internal,time_source=internal"
}
);
THREAD_STRUCT = (
{
#three config for level of parallelism "PARALLEL_SINGLE_THREAD", "PARALLEL_RU_L1_SPLIT", or "PARALLEL_RU_L1_TRX_SPLIT"
parallel_config = "PARALLEL_SINGLE_THREAD";
#two option for worker "WORKER_DISABLE" or "WORKER_ENABLE"
worker_config = "WORKER_ENABLE";
}
);
rfsimulator :
{
serveraddr = "server";
serverport = "4043";
options = (); #("saviq"); or/and "chanmod"
modelname = "AWGN";
IQfile = "/tmp/rfsimulator.iqs";
};
security = {
# preferred ciphering algorithms
# the first one of the list that an UE supports in chosen
# valid values: nea0, nea1, nea2, nea3
ciphering_algorithms = ( "nea0" );
# preferred integrity algorithms
# the first one of the list that an UE supports in chosen
# valid values: nia0, nia1, nia2, nia3
integrity_algorithms = ( "nia2", "nia0" );
# setting 'drb_ciphering' to "no" disables ciphering for DRBs, no matter
# what 'ciphering_algorithms' configures; same thing for 'drb_integrity'
drb_ciphering = "yes";
drb_integrity = "no";
};
log_config :
{
global_log_level ="info";
hw_log_level ="info";
phy_log_level ="info";
mac_log_level ="info";
rlc_log_level ="info";
pdcp_log_level ="info";
rrc_log_level ="info";
ngap_log_level ="debug";
};
# env
LOCAL_S_ADDRESS=127.0.0.2
LOCAL_S_IF_NAME=lo:
TZ=Europe/Paris
TAC=1
MNC_LENGTH=2
USE_ADDITIONAL_OPTIONS=--sa --nfapi 2 --emulate-l1 --log_config.global_log_options level,time,thread_id,nocolor
REMOTE_S_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1
GNB_NAME=gnb-l2sim-vnf
MNC=99
PWD=/opt/oai-gnb
HOME=/root
MCC=208
USE_SA_NFAPI_VNF=yes
DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
GNB_NGA_IF_NAME=ens38
GNB_NGU_IF_NAME=ens38
NSSAI_SST=1
GNB_NGU_IP_ADDRESS=192.168.133.150
GNB_NGA_IP_ADDRESS=192.168.133.150
AMF_IP_ADDRESS=192.168.71.132
NSSAI_SD0=1
NSSAI_SD1=112233$ docker exec -it l2sim-proxy bash/oai-lte-multi-ue-proxy/bin/proxy 1 --nr$ docker exec -it l2sim-oai-nr-ue0 bash/opt/oai-nr-ue/bin/nr-uesoftmodem.Rel15 -O /opt/oai-nr-ue/etc/nr-ue.conf --nokrnmod 1 --nfapi 5
--node-number 2 --sa --emulate-l1 --log_config.global_log_options level time thread_id nocolor# cat /opt/oai-nr-ue/etc/nr-ue.conf
log_config = {
global_log_level ="info";
hw_log_level ="info";
phy_log_level ="info";
mac_log_level ="info";
rlc_log_level ="info";
pdcp_log_level ="info";
rrc_log_level ="info";
};
uicc0 = {
imsi = "208990100001100";
key = "fec86ba6eb707ed08905757b1bb44b8f";
opc= "C42449363BBAD02B66D16BC975D77CC1";
dnn= "oai";
nssai_sst=1;
nssai_sd=1;
}
L1s = (
{
num_cc = 1;
tr_n_preference = "nfapi";
local_n_if_name = "ens38";
remote_n_address = "127.0.0.1"; //Proxy IP
local_n_address = "127.0.0.1";
local_n_portc = 50600;
remote_n_portc = 50601;
local_n_portd = 50610;
remote_n_portd = 50611;
}
);
RUs = (
{
local_rf = "yes"
nb_tx = 1
nb_rx = 1
att_tx = 90
att_rx = 0;
bands = [7,38,42,43];
max_pdschReferenceSignalPower = -27;
max_rxgain = 125;
}
);# env
OPC=C42449363BBAD02B66D16BC975D77CC1
USE_NFAPI=yes
TZ=Europe/Paris
DNN=oai
USE_ADDITIONAL_OPTIONS=--nokrnmod 1 --nfapi 5 --node-number 2 --sa --emulate-l1 --log_config.global_log_options level,time,thread_id,nocolor
NSSAI_SD=1
PWD=/opt/oai-nr-ue
HOME=/root
NR_UE_NFAPI_IF_NAME=ens38
OPENAIR_DIR=/opt/oai-nr-ue
DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
FULL_KEY=fec86ba6eb707ed08905757b1bb44b8f
GNB_IP_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1
FULL_IMSI=208990100001100
NSSAI_SST=1
NR_UE_IP_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1# /opt/oai-nr-ue/bin/nr-uesoftmodem.Rel15 --help
Calling sched_setscheduler(79)
CMDLINE: "/opt/oai-nr-ue/bin/nr-uesoftmodem.Rel15" "--help"
[CONFIG] get parameters from cmdline , debug flags: 0x00400000
[CONFIG] log_config: 2/3 parameters successfully set
[CONFIG] log_config: 55/55 parameters successfully set
[CONFIG] log_config: 55/55 parameters successfully set
[CONFIG] log_config: 16/16 parameters successfully set
[CONFIG] log_config: 16/16 parameters successfully set
log init done
-----Help for section (root section) : 009 entries------
--usrp-args: set the arguments to identify USRP (same syntax as in UHD)
--single-thread-disable: Disables single-thread mode in lte-softmodem
--dlsch-parallel: number of threads for dlsch processing 0 for no parallelization
--offset-divisor: Divisor for computing OFDM symbol offset in Rx chain (num samples in CP/<the value>). Default value is 8. To set the sample offset to 0, set this value ~ 10e6
--nr-dlsch-demod-shift: dynamic shift for LLR compuation for TM3/4 (default 0)
-V: Enable VCD (generated file will is named openair_dump_eNB.vcd, read it with target/RT/USER/eNB.gtkw
--uecap_file: path for UE Capabilities file
--rrc_config_path: path for RRC configuration
--ue-idx-standalone: Help string not specified
--------------------------------------------------------------------
[CONFIG] (root): 29/33 parameters successfully set
-----Help for section (root section) : 033 entries------
--rf-config-file: Configuration file for front-end (e.g. LMS7002M)
--split73: Split 7.3 (below rate matching) option: <cu|du>:<remote ip address>:<remote port> --thread-pool: Thread pool configuration:
default no pool (runs in calling thread),
list of cores, comma separated (negative value is no core affinity)
example: -1,3 launches two working threads one floating, the second set on core 3 --phy-test: test UE phy layer, mac disabled
--do-ra: test gNB and UE with RA procedures
--sa: run gNB in standalone mode
--usim-test: use XOR autentication algo in case of test usim mode
--clock-source: tells hardware to use a clock reference (0:internal, 1:external, 2:gpsdo)
--time-source: tells hardware to use a time reference (0:internal, 1:external, 2:gpsdo)
--wait-for-sync: Help string not specified
--single-thread-enable: Disables single-thread mode in lte-softmodem
-C: Set the downlink frequency for all component carriers
--CO: Set the uplink frequency offset for all component carriers
-a: Channel id offset
-d: Enable soft scope and L1 and L2 stats (Xforms)
-q: Enable processing timing measurement of lte softmodem on per subframe basis
--numerology: adding numerology for 5G
--band: band index
--emulate-rf: Emulated RF enabled(disable by defult)
--parallel-config: three config for level of parallelism 'PARALLEL_SINGLE_THREAD', 'PARALLEL_RU_L1_SPLIT', or 'PARALLEL_RU_L1_TRX_SPLIT'
--worker-config: two option for worker 'WORKER_DISABLE' or 'WORKER_ENABLE'
--noS1: Disable s1 interface
--rfsim: Run in rf simulator mode
--nokrnmod: (noS1 only): Use tun instead of namesh module
--nbiot-disable: disable nb-iot, even if defined in config
--nsa: Enable NSA mode
--node-number: Help string not specified
--usrp-tx-thread-config: having extra thead for usrp tx
--do-prb-interpolation: Do PRB based averaging of channel estimates. Frequency domain linear interpolation by default
--nfapi: Change the nFAPI mode for NR
--non-stop: Go back to frame sync mode after 100 consecutive PBCH failures
--emulate-l1: Run in L1 emulated mode (disable PHY layer)
--continuous-tx: perform continuous transmission, even in TDD mode (to work around USRP issues)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
[CONFIG] (root): 4/5 parameters successfully set
-----Help for section (root section) : 005 entries------
-R: Enable online log
-g: Set the global log level, valid options: (4:trace, 3:debug, 2:info, 1:warn, (0:error))
--telnetsrv: Start embedded telnet server
--log-mem: Help string not specified
--telnetclt: Help string not specified
--------------------------------------------------------------------
[ENB_APP] nfapi running mode: MONOLITHIC
[CONFIG] TTracer: 4/4 parameters successfully set
-----Help for section (root section) : 004 entries------
--T_port: tracer port
--T_nowait: don't wait for tracer, start immediately
--T_dont_fork: to ease debugging with gdb
--T_stdout: print log messges on console
--------------------------------------------------------------------
/oai-ran/common/config/config_cmdline.c:226 config_process_cmdline() Exiting OAI softmodem: [CONFIG] Exiting after displaying help
# /opt/oai-gnb/bin/nr-softmodem.Rel15 --help
CMDLINE: "/opt/oai-gnb/bin/nr-softmodem.Rel15" "--help"
[CONFIG] get parameters from cmdline , debug flags: 0x00400000
[CONFIG] log_config: 2/3 parameters successfully set
[CONFIG] log_config: 55/55 parameters successfully set
[CONFIG] log_config: 55/55 parameters successfully set
[CONFIG] log_config: 16/16 parameters successfully set
[CONFIG] log_config: 16/16 parameters successfully set
log init done
[HW] # /dev/cpu_dma_latency set to 2 us
sh: 1: cannot create /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq: Directory nonexistent
sh: 1: cannot create /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu1/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq: Directory nonexistent
sh: 1: cannot create /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu2/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq: Directory nonexistent
sh: 1: cannot create /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu3/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq: Directory nonexistent
sh: 1: cannot create /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq: Directory nonexistent
sh: 1: cannot create /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu5/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq: Directory nonexistent
sh: 1: cannot create /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu6/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq: Directory nonexistent
sh: 1: cannot create /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu7/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq: Directory nonexistent
[HW] Can't set cpu frequency
Reading in command-line options
[CONFIG] (root): 29/33 parameters successfully set
-----Help for section (root section) : 033 entries------
--rf-config-file: Configuration file for front-end (e.g. LMS7002M)
--split73: Split 7.3 (below rate matching) option: <cu|du>:<remote ip address>:<remote port> --thread-pool: Thread pool configuration:
default no pool (runs in calling thread),
list of cores, comma separated (negative value is no core affinity)
example: -1,3 launches two working threads one floating, the second set on core 3 --phy-test: test UE phy layer, mac disabled
--do-ra: test gNB and UE with RA procedures
--sa: run gNB in standalone mode
--usim-test: use XOR autentication algo in case of test usim mode
--clock-source: tells hardware to use a clock reference (0:internal, 1:external, 2:gpsdo)
--time-source: tells hardware to use a time reference (0:internal, 1:external, 2:gpsdo)
--wait-for-sync: Help string not specified
--single-thread-enable: Disables single-thread mode in lte-softmodem
-C: Set the downlink frequency for all component carriers
--CO: Set the uplink frequency offset for all component carriers
-a: Channel id offset
-d: Enable soft scope and L1 and L2 stats (Xforms)
-q: Enable processing timing measurement of lte softmodem on per subframe basis
--numerology: adding numerology for 5G
--band: band index
--emulate-rf: Emulated RF enabled(disable by defult)
--parallel-config: three config for level of parallelism 'PARALLEL_SINGLE_THREAD', 'PARALLEL_RU_L1_SPLIT', or 'PARALLEL_RU_L1_TRX_SPLIT'
--worker-config: two option for worker 'WORKER_DISABLE' or 'WORKER_ENABLE'
--noS1: Disable s1 interface
--rfsim: Run in rf simulator mode
--nokrnmod: (noS1 only): Use tun instead of namesh module
--nbiot-disable: disable nb-iot, even if defined in config
--nsa: Enable NSA mode
--node-number: Help string not specified
--usrp-tx-thread-config: having extra thead for usrp tx
--do-prb-interpolation: Do PRB based averaging of channel estimates. Frequency domain linear interpolation by default
--nfapi: Change the nFAPI mode for NR
--non-stop: Go back to frame sync mode after 100 consecutive PBCH failures
--emulate-l1: Run in L1 emulated mode (disable PHY layer)
--continuous-tx: perform continuous transmission, even in TDD mode (to work around USRP issues)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
[CONFIG] (root): 4/5 parameters successfully set
-----Help for section (root section) : 005 entries------
-R: Enable online log
-g: Set the global log level, valid options: (4:trace, 3:debug, 2:info, 1:warn, (0:error))
--telnetsrv: Start embedded telnet server
--log-mem: Help string not specified
--telnetclt: Help string not specified
--------------------------------------------------------------------
[ENB_APP] nfapi running mode: MONOLITHIC
-----Help for section (root section) : 013 entries------
--single-thread-disable: Disables single-thread mode in lte-softmodem
-A: Set timing_advance
-E: Apply three-quarter of sampling frequency, 23.04 Msps to reduce the data rate on USB/PCIe transfers (only valid for 20 MHz)
-m: Set the downlink MCS for PHYTEST mode
-l: Set the downlink nrOfLayers for PHYTEST mode
-t: Set the uplink MCS for PHYTEST mode
-M: Set the number of PRBs used for DLSCH in PHYTEST mode
-T: Set the number of PRBs used for ULSCH in PHYTEST mode
-D: Bitmap for DLSCH slots (slot 0 starts at LSB)
-U: Bitmap for ULSCH slots (slot 0 starts at LSB)
--usrp-tx-thread-config: having extra thead for usrp tx
--uecap_file: path for UE Capabilities file
-s: Set average SNR in dB (for --siml1 option)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
[GNB_APP] Getting GNBSParams
[CONFIG] (root): 1/2 parameters successfully set
-----Help for section (root section) : 002 entries------
--Asn1_verbosity: Help string not specified
--Active_gNBs: Help string not specified
--------------------------------------------------------------------
/oai-ran/common/config/config_cmdline.c:226 config_process_cmdline() Exiting OAI softmodem: [CONFIG] Exiting after displaying help
https://gitlab.eurecom.fr/oai/openairinterface5g/-/tree/develop/ci-scripts/yaml_files/5g_l2sim_tdd