[filebeat][azure-blob-storage] - Simplified state checkpoint calculation

[ShourieG]

Type of change

• Enhancement

Proposed commit message

• WHAT: Simplified state checkpoint calculation
• WHY: The existing state checkpoint calculation logic was convoluted and depended on unreliable flag logic, then it has been simplified so that if errors occur they are become simpler to debug.

Checklist

• [x] My code follows the style guidelines of this project
• [x] I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• [ ] I have made corresponding changes to the documentation
• [ ] I have made corresponding change to the default configuration files
• [ ] I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my feature works
• [x] I have added an entry in CHANGELOG.next.asciidoc or CHANGELOG-developer.next.asciidoc.

Disruptive User Impact

Author's Checklist

• [ ]

How to test this PR locally

Related issues

• Closes #40674

Use cases

Screenshots

Logs

[mergify[bot]]

This pull request does not have a backport label. If this is a bug or security fix, could you label this PR @ShourieG? 🙏. For such, you'll need to label your PR with:

• The upcoming major version of the Elastic Stack
• The upcoming minor version of the Elastic Stack (if you're not pushing a breaking change)

To fixup this pull request, you need to add the backport labels for the needed branches, such as:

• backport-8./d is the label to automatically backport to the 8./d branch. /d is the digit

[mergify[bot]]

backport-8.x has been added to help with the transition to the new branch 8.x. If you don't need it please use backport-skip label and remove the backport-8.x label.

[elasticmachine]

Pinging @elastic/security-service-integrations (Team:Security-Service Integrations)

[ShourieG]

addressed all PR comments

[ShourieG]

@efd6, can you approve this if all looks good.