arlogriffiths
commented
7 months ago Instead of Puppet for 307 I now suggest Effigy.
Closed arlogriffiths closed 7 months ago
arlogriffiths
commented
7 months ago Instead of Puppet for 307 I now suggest Effigy.
arlogriffiths
commented
7 months ago Could you please double check that there really is ṅa after cañcā in 307? In fact I suspect that 307 and 308 need to be merged and instead of cañcā ṅa riṅgit it may be necessary to make a radical conjecture like cañcāpuruṣa. More on this soon.
zakariyaaminullah
commented
7 months ago Dear Pak Arlo @arlogriffiths ,
I've come across information regarding the usage of cañcā in Sanskrit, where it refers to "a straw-man," "doll," or "puppet made of grass or reed," as evidenced in Apte (p. 692) ([https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/apte_query.py?qs=cañcā&matchtype=default]). However, in Marathi, it seems to be used differently, referring to a "scarecrow" or a "straw-stuffed figure of a man," as evidenced in Molesworth's dictionary ([https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/molesworth_query.py?qs=cañcā&matchtype=default]). Based on Apte's, it is clear that we need riṅgit in 307. What are your thoughts on this? There really is ṅa after cañcā in 307.
arlogriffiths
commented
7 months ago I think you are not yet using the most relevant digital resources.
Let us discuss the issue by zoom soon. For now, let me just quote from my message just sent to the INDOLOGY list:
Dear colleagues,
I wish to thank the numerous colleagues who responded to my query on and off the list. In alphabetical order, they are Sadananda Das, Vincent Eltschinger, Rupert Gethin, Suhas Mahesh, Andrew Ollett, Walter Slaje, Harry Spier, Carmen Spiers. Forgive me if I forget anyone.
Below I assemble all the data I have received or found myself, starting with references to Michaël Meyer's most convenient aggregation (known to me) of all relevant modern dictionaries.
But all of this started for me with an attempt to help my student Zakariya Pamuji Aminullah edit the Sanskrit-Old Javanese lexicographic text part of the Old Javanese Candrakiraṇa (alias Chandakaraṇa) that he is editing for his PhD thesis. At the moment, his edition has two juxtaposed synonym sets (where Old Javanese ṅa means iti and introduces the Old Javanese terms corresponding to the Sanskrit ones).
307 Synonyms of Effigy cañcā, ṅa riṅgit. 308 Synonyms of Scarecrow kuṣmāṇḍī, ṅa pitakut.
He has direct access to three Javanese palm-leaf manuscripts (J1, J2, J2) plus Lokesh Chandra's edition which was based only on a Romanized transcript of J1.
Lokesh Chandra. 1997. “Chanda-Karaṇa: The Art of Writing Poetry.” Cultural horizons of India, vol 6, by Lokesh Chandra, 140–242. Śata-Piṭaka Series 390. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.
Apparatus for the above passage:
riṅgit] EdLC, riṅgit[... J1, ruṅgīt J2, lac. J3 (larger gap) riṅgit … (310.1) śiṅśapa] A gap due to loss intervenes in J1. kuṣmāṇḍī] conj., mumaṇḍih EdLC, mumaṇḍī J2, lac. J1 (larger gap), lac. J3 (larger gap).
Alas, we have only one ms. that gives the OJ word pitakut, which expresses very literally the sense of bibhīṣikā/bibhīṣikā (the base takut means 'to fear', the prefix pi- adds causative meaning), and the corresponding Sanskrit was still preserved in ms. J1 when the person who made the transcription used by Lokesh Chandra had access to it in the course of the 20th c. and read mumaṇḍih, while we find mumaṇḍī in J2. Despite all the data received on Sanskrit terms meaning 'scarecrow', we still seem to have no word that is similar enough to mumaṇḍih/mumaṇḍī that Zakariya could adopt instead of the unconvincing conjecture kuṣmāṇḍī.
Since cañcā does seem to be standard term for 'scarecrow' while the terms tr̥ṇapuruṣa/tr̥ṇapūruṣa is also common in that meaning, while an authority like the Viśvaprakāśa combines them both in one synonym set (cañco nalādinirmāṇe cañcā tu tr̥ṇapūruṣe |), I am even wondering if we should radically intervene in the transmission to merge both entries into one and get two Sanskirt terms for a single Old Javanese gloss, like this:
307 Synonyms of Scarecrow cañcā, tr̥ṇapuruṣa, ṅa pitakut.
Suggestions are welcome.
Best wishes,
Arlo
Dictionary entries
cañcā https://michaelmeyer.fr/sanskrit/meta/terms/ca%C3%B1c%C4%81 cañcāpāñcajana https://michaelmeyer.fr/sanskrit/meta/terms/ca%C3%B1c%C4%81p%C4%81%C3%B1cajana cañcāpuruṣa https://michaelmeyer.fr/sanskrit/meta/terms/ca%C3%B1c%C4%81puru%E1%B9%A3a cañcāveṣā https://michaelmeyer.fr/sanskrit/meta/terms/ca%C3%B1c%C4%81ve%E1%B9%A3%C4%81 jharaṅka https://michaelmeyer.fr/sanskrit/meta/terms/jhara%E1%B9%85ka tr̥ṇakāminī https://michaelmeyer.fr/sanskrit/meta/terms/t%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81min%C4%AB tr̥ṇapuruṣa https://michaelmeyer.fr/sanskrit/meta/terms/t%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%87apuru%E1%B9%A3a bibhīṣikā https://michaelmeyer.fr/sanskrit/meta/terms/bibh%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3ik%C4%81 bibhīṣikā https://michaelmeyer.fr/sanskrit/meta/terms/vibh%c4%ab%e1%b9%a3ik%c4%81
Text passages
Sanskrit 1. [Carmen Spiers] lemma: *śakuniprapatana-. attestation: Paippal¯¯dsaṁhitā 19.47.8 māṁsam ivāsinā śakuniprapatanāṁ kr̥dhi | mr̥gām̐ anu pra pātaya marīcīr anu nāśaya || comment Carmen Spiers: "śakuniprapatanā- seems to refer to something like a scarecrow in Atharvaveda, Paippalāsaṁhitā 19.47.8b; though it is an epithet applied to a woman whom the speaker wishes to become insane or shunned, a masculine form meaning "scarecrow" might be the inspiration for it."
Sanskrit 2. [Suhas Mahesh] lemma: tr̥ṇa-pūruṣa attestation: Bhallaṭaśataka 1.74 saṁrakṣituṁ kr̥ṣim akāri kr̥ṣīvalena paśyātmanaḥ pratikr̥tis tr̥ṇapūruṣo 'yam | stabdhasya niṣkriyatayāstabhiyo 'sya nūnam aśnanti gomr̥gagaṇāḥ pura eva sasyam ||
Sanskrit 3. [Suhas Mahesh] lemma: tr̥ṇa-kr̥ta-kr̥trima-puruṣa attestation: Nītidviṣaṣṭikā of Sundarapāṇdya 104 yo na dadāti na bhuṅkte vibhave sati naiva tasya tad dravyam | tr̥ṇa-kr̥ta-kr̥trima-puruṣo rakṣati sasyaṁ parasyārthe ||
Sanskrit 4. [Andrew Ollett] lemma: vīrut-tr̥ṇa-maya-puruṣa in attestattion: Subhāṣitaratnakōṣa 264 kāmaṁ kūlē nadīnām anugiri mahiṣīyūthanīḍōpakaṇṭhē gāhantē śaṣparājīr abhinavaśalabhagrāsalōkā balākāḥ antarvinyastavīruttr̥ṇamayapuruṣatrāsavighnaṁ kathañcit kāpotaṁ kodravāṇāṁ kavalayati kaṇān kṣētrakōṇaikadeśe
Ingalls' translation: By the streambank, up toward the hills, close by where the buffaloes are lying, the cranes stalk calmly through the young grass hunting for fresh locusts; the flock of doves, though hindered by their fear of straw-filled scarecrows set therein, yet manages to peck up grains of beggarweed along a corner of the field.
Sanskrit 5. [Suhas Mahesh] lemma: cañcā attestation: Līlāvatīsāra 11.86 (L.D. Series edition) mahākulaṁ kalāsthānaṁ yuvānam api khecaram | manyate sva-guṇāhaṁyuś cañcā-sadhryañcam eva sā ||
Sanskrit 6. [Arlo Griffiths] lemma: cañcā attestation: Amaraṭīkāsarvasva ed. Ganapati Sastri, vol. IV, p. 172 manuṣyaḥ cañceva cañcāmanuṣyaḥ kharakuṭī nāpitaśālā | cañcā tr̥ṇamayaḥ puruṣo yaḥ kṣetrarakṣaṇāya kriyat
Sanskrit 7. [Suhas Mahesh] lemma: *mr̥ga-kula-udbhēṣaka. See Prakrit 1 below.
Pali 1 [Rupert Gethin] lemma: tiṇa-purisaka attestation: Visuddhimagga 457 (XIV.113); Atthasālinī (111) comment Rupert Gethin: In the Abhidhamma definition of saññā we find: yathā-upaṭṭhitavisayapadaṭṭhānā tiṇapurisakesu migapotakānaṁ purisā ti uppannasaññā viyā, 'Its footing is an object as presented, as when young animals have the cognition ‘people’ with regard to scarecrows.'
Prakrit 1 [Suhas Mahesh] jahiṁ tumaṁ saccaviā viṇiaṁsaṇa-lolirī juānehiṁ | te tattha cciya chette maa-ula-ubbhesaā jāā || Śr̥ṅgāraprakāśa p. 1195 (Josyer’s edition) ** Skt mr̥ga-kula-udbhēṣaka.
314 Synonyms of Material to write on
311 Synonyms of Rags 1 goṇī, ṅa viḍak.
Encode ṅa with
<supplied reason="lost">as well as @type="conj" in<lem>?310 Synonyms of Great Sterculia 1 śiṅśapa, ṅa kpuh.
Normalize kəpuh.
AK 2.4.221 picumandaś ca nimbe 'tha picchilāguruśiṃśapā The Ramanathan edition has a different reading: AK.02.04.062ab ariṣṭaḥ sarvatobhadrahiṅguniryāsamālakāḥ | AK.02.04.062cd picumandaś ca nimbe 'tha picchilāguru śiṃśupā || But the commentary mentions the other variant:
kapilā bhasmagarbhā sā śirīṣas tu kapītanaḥ || 63 ||
Vaijayantī rocanaś śiṃśapāyāṃ tu tīkṣṇadhūmāvasādanī || 91 ||
You probably don't need to cite all the above data. You could just cite the reading of AK with śiṁśapā and state that a variant reading śiṁśupā is also attested. And then add Vaij.
309 Synonyms of Louse 1 yūka, ṣaṭpadī, ṅa tuma. ^4904. yūka] norm., yukah EdLC J2, lac. J3 (larger gap), lac. J1 (larger gap) ^4905. ṣaṭpadī] em., lac. EdLC, śadhah J2, lac. J3 (larger gap), lac. J1 (larger gap)
Edit yūkā. I am a bit uncertain about ṣaṭpadī, which should be labeled "conj." rather than "em." Other theoretical possibilities instead of J2 śadhah include kīṭa, maśaka and svedaja. But based on the AbhCM parallel I support your choice.
AbhCM 1209ab vamry upadīkā likṣā tu rikṣā yūkā ca ṣaṭpadī |
According to Kṣīrasvāmin, the following AK stanza implies the word yūkā though he does not mention ṣaṭpadī:
308 Synonyms of Scarecrow 1 kuṣmāṇḍī, ṅa pitakut. ^4903. kuṣmāṇḍī] em., mumaṇḍih EdLC, mumaṇḍī J2, lac. J3 (larger gap), lac. J1 (larger gap)
I am still at a loss. I have tried to find synonyms for 'scarecrow' in Sanskrit and other Indian languages but the dictionaries that I can search yield almost nothing. Via my email to Indology and my own further searches I have no obtained the following items:
The latter term occurs in puranic list of female demons:
HV_App.I,24.107 mukhamaṇḍī biḍālī ca pūtanā gandhapūtanā / agni_p_1_31_030ab śakunīpūtanādyāṃś ca tathā vaināyakān grahān / agni_p_1_31_030cd mukhamaṇḍīṃ tathā krūrāṃ revatīṃ vṛddharevatīm // agni_p_1_31_031ab vṛddhakākhyān grahāṃś cogrāṃs tathā mātṛgrahān api / agni_p_1_31_031cd bālasya viṣṇoś caritaṃ hantu bālagrahān imān //
So it does designate a scary figure. But no similar word is found in any kośas.
307 Synonyms of Basket-Work 1 cañcā, ṅa ruṅki. ^4901. ruṅki] em., riṅgit EdLC, riṅgit[... J1, ruṅgīt J2, lac. J3 (larger gap) ^4902. ruṅki … (310.1) śiṅśapa] A gap due to loss intervenes in J1.
Your emendation ruṅki is wrong. Clearly we need the word riṅgit here, which matches well with the meaning of cañcā in some Sanskrit kośa texts (though not the ones we normally cite) and with the meaning 'scarecrow' in section 308.
Viśvaprakāśa cañco nalādinirmāṇe cañcā tu tṛṇapūruṣe | The same or nearly the same verse line also figures in some other texts. I am not sure which is the oldest. Please check. But Dominic recently pointed out to me the importance of the Viśvaprakāśa which is very often cited by Indian medieval commentators and is unique in using a (reverse) alphabetical order. AṬS kharakuṭīva kharakuṭī | manuṣyaḥ cañceva cañcāmanuṣyaḥ kharakuṭī nāpitaśālā | cañcā tṛṇamayaḥ puruṣo yaḥ kṣetrarakṣaṇāya kriyate |.
Now what is confusing is that Sarvānanda's explanation of cañcā is exactly 'scarecrow'. But our text must have imagined cañcā do have a more general meaning like 'Puppet'.
306 Synonyms of Sweet Flag 1 vacā, goryah, haimavatī, ṅa dariṅo.
Here I have the feeling that vacāgoryah is corrupt for vacāgauryoḥ as in Anekārthasamuccaya below. It seems that some confusion has occurred at some stage of the history of our text. One has the impression that a passage from a homonymic dictionary like Anekārthasamuccaya has been misunderstood to mean that vacā, gaurī and haimvatī all have the same meaning. The kośa evidence listed below does suggest that all three terms were designate plants in groupings that partially overlapped. So if gaurī was simply intended as synonym for vacā and haimavatī then we have to edit "vacā, gaurī, haimavatī" and assume corruption based on a passage like Anekārthasamuccaya to explain how gaurī because goryyaḥ. It is hard to imagine that this coulod have happened after AM had been imported to Java.
AK.02.04.102cd vacogragandhā ṣaḍgranthā golomī śataparvikā || 102 || AK.02.04.103ab śuklā haimavatī vaidyamātṛsiṃhyau tu vāśikā | AK.02.04.103cd vṛṣo'ṭarūṣaḥ siṃhāsyo vāsako vājidantakaḥ || 103 ||
AKUvacogragandhā ṣaḍgranthā golomī śataparvikā | śuklā haimavatī vaidyamātṛsiṃhyau tu vāśikā || 103 ||
Vaij. vacājamodayor ugragandhā nā laśune site | kaladhautaṃ rūpyahemnoṣ ṣaṇḍastrī tu kaladhvanau || 5 ||
For the connection with gaurī, see AK.02.09.041ab niśāhvā kāñcanī pītā haridrā varavarṇinī | AK.02.09.041cd sāmudraṃ yattu lavaṇamakṣībaṃ vaśiraṃ ca tat || 41 || Vaij. gauryāṃ haridrā rātryākhyā hemaghnī kāñcanī parā | rocanī rañjanī pītā piñjā piṇḍā manaśśilā || 211 || Anekārthakośa agnyutpātau dhūmaketū vacā gaurī ca kāñcanī || 365 || Anekārthasamuccaya vacārgauryorhaimavatī varjanaṃ tyāgahiṃsayoḥ | please check printed text: I suspect it should be vacāgauryor haimavatī varjanaṃ tyāgahiṃsayoḥ | meaning "haimavatī [is used] in [the meaning of] vacā and gaurī, varjana in [the meaning of] abandoning and violence"
305 Synonyms of Asian Spiderflower 1 sūryakānta, suvarcalā, ṅa pañjaṅ. ^4898. sūryakānta] J1 J2, sūryyatantu EdLC, lac. J3 (larger gap) • Should it be read sūryalatā? ^4899. suvarcalā] em. EdLC, śuvacala J1, cala J2, lac. J3 (larger gap)
I would keep sūryakānta. The reading survarcalā also seems fine. But do you have any evidence that pañjaṅ could be a plant name in Old (or Mod.) Javanese?
Kalpadrukośa arkabhaktā tu varadā sūryakāntā suvarcalā || 522 || please check printed edition: I suspect that varadā an error for badarā. Compare the following evidence:
304 Synonyms of Fennel 1 śatapuṣpa, atichattrā, catra, ṅa hadas. ^4897. atichattrā] em. EdLC, akṣithi J1, akṣithī J2, lac. J3 (larger gap)
Edit śatapuṣpā with ā and then I think you need either to conjecture "atichattrā, sitachattrā" or edit "sitachattrā" for "akṣithīcatra" in the mss. The former options given account to the a- but the word order is the revers from AK, while the latter is closer to the mss. except the fact that we have to reject the a-. I have a slight preference for the second option.
AK.02.04.152ab śatapuṣpā sitacchatrāticchatrā madhurā misiḥ |
303 Synonyms of Indian Three-Leaved Yam 1 devīlatā, alayuh, ṅa gaḍuṅ.
I am baffled by alayuh. Are the mss. unanimous? In any case, it is not a known Skt. word, I believe, so you cannot simply accept it into your edition. The term devīlatā is extremely rare but I do find it in two rather obscure texts.
Rasaprakāśasudhākara athedānīṃ pravakṣyāmi $ siddhauṣadhyo rasādhikāḥ &
devīlatā kālavarṇī % vijayāsurī siṃhikā // YRps_9.30 //
spṛrkkīdevīlatānīlāmarutāpiṇḍanetica/ sukumārāsugandhaca laghvīkuṭila puṣpikā// File typed by Andrey Klebanov: Suśrutanighaṇṭu acc. to MS B 0029-19 from NGMCP (before in collection of Rājaguru Hemarājaśarman), dated 1620 or rather 1465 !!! (s. catalogue of NGMCP) partly collated with C 0080-07 (also KL 699), dated 877, s. catalogue of NGMCP