[remote_base] Add Nexus protocol

[zry98]

Description:

Add support for Nexus protocol in Remote Receiver, a popular protocol used by some 433MHz temperature & humidity sensors, e.g., Digoo DG-TH8380.

Pull request in esphome with YAML changes (if applicable): esphome/esphome#7713

Checklist:

• [x] I am merging into next because this is new documentation that has a matching pull-request in esphome as linked above.
  or

• [ ] I am merging into current because this is a fix, change and/or adjustment in the current documentation and is not for a new component or feature.

• [ ] Link added in /index.rst when creating new documents for new components or cookbook.

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