Bump all version requirements

Description of changes:

migrate to Ubuntu 24.04, Debian 12, Fedora 40, macOS 13
- update all Python package requirements accordingly
- apply new formatting rules and add # nopep8 on f-strings that break autopep8
- apply new linter rules and remove rules with too many false positives
bump version requirements of waLBerla and Caliper
rewrite handling of CUDA-specific CMake variables to follow best practices
enable compiler warnings on CUDA source files
introduce a new CI tag reuse-artifacts-same-arch to guarantee that CI jobs that download ESPResSo binaries from a previous CI job will always execute on a host runner with the same CPU architecture (to mitigate an issue where ESPResSo built with architecture-specific compiler flags on AMD ends up running on an Intel CPU)
fix malformed Python strings in matplotlib labels containing LaTeX math
- Jupyter modules like nbconvert now raise warnings when strings contain e.g. $\sigma$ instead of $\\sigma$

espressomd / espresso