Hide GDAL from public interface, fix export

[Ryanf55]

Purpose

• Enforce export in CI
• Hide implementation details of GDAL in implementation
• Install headers per latest ament recommendations to allow package: https://docs.ros.org/en/humble/How-To-Guides/Ament-CMake-Documentation.html#adding-targets
• This is crucial before realeasing as a library
• Remove unused yaml dependency
• Add all missing libraries in ament_export_dependencies
• Fix a few typos in comments
• Add badges for all jobs but point them to the default ros2 branch rather than any branch
• Fix style check not running on ros2 branch

Ticket

Relates to https://github.com/ethz-asl/grid_map_geo/issues/50, we should fix the export, hide unused things, and then test consuming the library so consumers don't report bugs against the export.

Risk

Low, the CI checks should catch anything. I did remove the implementation of transform to a translation unit, so this may impact performance a tad, but it's necessary if we have any hope to hide GDAL.

[Ryanf55]

Ready for final review.