Cardinal number declension

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There are 161 entries in lexnorm-all2 that are classified as cardinal numbers. These include the 'normal' cardinal numbers 1-100, and several compounds ending in cardinal numbers.

The models assigned to these are m_card, f_card, n_card.

Usually there only certain genders are associated with certain cardinal number words.

Similarly, there are only certain numbers (singular, dual, plural) present in the declension of a given cardinal number.

There is considerable regularity among the declensions of various cardinal numbers, and these are mentioned in the following comments.

However, the current declension algorithm simply takes these declensions as given. So no derivations of the form 'stem + ending' are currently used.

vocative

According to Deshpande, there are no know vocative forms of the cardinal numbers. The declensions shown below often, but not always, follow this pattern. I'll

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1 eka as cardinal

eka declension as cardinal is unusual in several respects:

• It has forms in all genders
• Usually it is singular, but has dual and plural forms.
• It is also considered one of the pronouns, and its declension is like that of the pronoun sarva (Kale, p. 99).
• we will also show declension of eka as a pronoun (in another issue); the only difference between our declension of it as a cardinal number and as a pronoun is the absence of vocative forms for the cardinal number declension.

Declension of m_card eka

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	ekaH	ekO	eke
Accusative	ekam	ekO	ekAn
Instrumental	ekena	ekAByAm	ekEH
Dative	ekasmE	ekAByAm	ekeByaH
Ablative	ekasmAt	ekAByAm	ekeByaH
Genitive	ekasya	ekayoH	ekezAm
Locative	ekasmin	ekayoH	ekezu
Vocative

Declension of n_card eka

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	ekam	eke	ekAni
Accusative	ekam	eke	ekAni
Instrumental	ekena	ekAByAm	ekEH
Dative	ekasmE	ekAByAm	ekeByaH
Ablative	ekasmAt	ekAByAm	ekeByaH
Genitive	ekasya	ekayoH	ekezAm
Locative	ekasmin	ekayoH	ekezu
Vocative

Declension of f_card eka

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	ekA	eke	ekAH
Accusative	ekAm	eke	ekAH
Instrumental	ekayA	ekAByAm	ekABiH
Dative	ekasyE	ekAByAm	ekAByaH
Ablative	ekasyAH	ekAByAm	ekAByaH
Genitive	ekasyAH	ekayoH	ekAsAm
Locative	ekasyAm	ekayoH	ekAsu
Vocative

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2 dvi as cardinal

• dvi is also one of the Sanskrit pronouns (Kale, p. 77-78)
• It is declined in all 3 genders, but only in the dual number.

Declension of m_card dvi

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	dvO
Accusative	dvO
Instrumental	dvAByAm
Dative	dvAByAm
Ablative	dvAByAm
Genitive	dvayoH
Locative	dvayoH
Vocative

Declension of n_card dvi

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	dve
Accusative	dve
Instrumental	dvAByAm
Dative	dvAByAm
Ablative	dvAByAm
Genitive	dvayoH
Locative	dvayoH
Vocative

Declension of f_card dvi

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	dve
Accusative	dve
Instrumental	dvAByAm
Dative	dvAByAm
Ablative	dvAByAm
Genitive	dvayoH
Locative	dvayoH
Vocative

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3 tri

Declined in plural, in all genders.

Declension of m_card tri

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	trayaH
Accusative	trIn
Instrumental	triBiH
Dative	triByaH
Ablative	triByaH
Genitive	trayARAm/trIRAm
Locative	trizu
Vocative

Declension of n_card tri

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	trIRi
Accusative	trIRi
Instrumental	triBiH
Dative	triByaH
Ablative	triByaH
Genitive	trayARAm/trIRAm
Locative	trizu
Vocative

Declension of f_card tri

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	tisraH
Accusative	tisraH
Instrumental	tisfBiH
Dative	tisfByaH
Ablative	tisfByaH
Genitive	tisfRAm/tisFRAm
Locative	tisfzu
Vocative

Note: The alternate forms for genitive appear in MW (under 'tri'). They are not shown in Kale, Deshpande, or Bucknell.

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4 catur

Declined in plural, in all genders.

Declension of m_card catur

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	catvAraH
Accusative	caturaH
Instrumental	caturBiH
Dative	caturByaH
Ablative	caturByaH
Genitive	caturRAm
Locative	caturzu
Vocative

Declension of n_card catur

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	catvAri
Accusative	catvAri
Instrumental	caturBiH
Dative	caturByaH
Ablative	caturByaH
Genitive	caturRAm
Locative	caturzu
Vocative

Declension of f_card catur

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	catasraH
Accusative	catasraH
Instrumental	catasfBiH
Dative	catasfByaH
Ablative	catasfByaH
Genitive	catasfRAm/catasFRAm
Locative	catasfzu
Vocative

The alternate form catasFRAm for feminine genitive is shown in MW (under catasf).

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5 paYcan - 10 daSan

For cardinal numbers 5-10, the declension is

• in plural only
• without gender. This system arbitrarily states the model to be 'm_card'

Declension of m_card paYcan

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	paYca
Accusative	paYca
Instrumental	paYcaBiH
Dative	paYcaByaH
Ablative	paYcaByaH
Genitive	paYcAnAm
Locative	paYcasu
Vocative

Declension of m_card zaz (6)

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	zaw
Accusative	zaw
Instrumental	zaqBiH
Dative	zaqByaH
Ablative	zaqByaH
Genitive	zaRRAm
Locative	zawsu
Vocative

Declension of m_card saptan (7)

Like paYcan, but with 'sapt' instead of 'paYc': sapta,sapta,saptaBiH,saptaByaH,saptaByaH,saptAnAm,saptasu,

Declension of m_card azwan (8)

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	azwa/azwO
Accusative	azwa/azwO
Instrumental	azwaBiH/azwABiH
Dative	azwaByaH/azwAByaH
Ablative	azwaByaH/azwAByaH
Genitive	azwAnAm
Locative	azwasu/azwAsu
Vocative

Declension of m_card navan (9)

Like paYcan, but with 'nav' instead of 'paYc': nava,nava,navaBiH,navaByaH,navaByaH,navAnAm,navasu,

Declension of m_card daSan (10)

Like paYcan, but with 'daS' instead of 'paYc': daSa,daSa,daSaBiH,daSaByaH,daSaByaH,daSAnAm,daSasu,

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Cardinals 11-19

For cardinal numbers 11-19, the declension is

• in plural only
• without gender. This system arbitrarily states the model to be 'm_card'
• These are all compounds of daSan, and so are declined like daSan.

---

• 11 ekA-daSan :
  • ekAdaSa,ekAdaSa,ekAdaSaBiH,ekAdaSaByaH,ekAdaSaByaH,ekAdaSAnAm,ekAdaSasu,
• 12 dvA-daSan :
  • dvAdaSa,dvAdaSa,dvAdaSaBiH,dvAdaSaByaH,dvAdaSaByaH,dvAdaSAnAm,dvAdaSasu,
• 13 trayo-daSan
• 14 catur-daSan
• 15 paYca-daSan
• 16 zo-qaSan
  • zoqaSa,zoqaSa,zoqaSaBiH,zoqaSaByaH,zoqaSaByaH,zoqaSAnAm,zoqaSasu,
• 17 sapta-daSan
• 18 azwA-daSan
• 19 nava-daSan
  • also ekona-viMSati (1 less than 20, decline like viMSati)
  • Deshpande (p. 287) also shows Una-viMSati and ekAnna-viMSati, but these aren't in MW.

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Cardinals 20-29

Cardinal numbers 20-99 share several features:

• They are all feminine gender. Our declension model is f_card
• They are used only in the singular number
  • In the declensions shown here, all numbers are shown.
    • A note by Kale (p. 109, section 167) supports retaining the dual and plural forms:

      They may be made to have duals and plurals by being used as fixed standards of counting; e.g. brAhmaRAnAM viMSatayaH many twenties of Brahamanas; dve Sate nArIRAm two hundreds of women &c.

The cardinals 20-29 are viMSati and compounds of viMSati. viMSati is declined like a feminine nominal ending in 'i' (i.e., like mati with model f_i )

Declension of f_card viMSati (20)

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	viMSatiH	viMSatI	viMSatayaH
Accusative	viMSatim	viMSatI	viMSatIH
Instrumental	viMSatyA	viMSatiByAm	viMSatiBiH
Dative	viMSataye/viMSatyE	viMSatiByAm	viMSatiByaH
Ablative	viMSateH/viMSatyAH	viMSatiByAm	viMSatiByaH
Genitive	viMSateH/viMSatyAH	viMSatyoH	viMSatInAm
Locative	viMSatO/viMSatyAm	viMSatyoH	viMSatizu
Vocative	viMSate	viMSatI	viMSatayaH

MW also has viMSat as an alternate for viMSati in some compounds; it would be declined like a feminine noun with 1 step, such as sarit. See triMSat declension below, and imagine replacing triM with viM - that would be declension of viMSat

• 21 eka-viMSati (also eka-viMSat in MW)
• 22 dvA-viMSati
• 23 trayo-viMSati
• 24 catur-viMSati (also catur-viMSat in MW)
• 25 paYca-viMSati (also paYca-viMSat in MW)
• 26 zaq-viMSati (also zaq-viMSat in MW)
• 27 sapta-viMSati (also sapta-viMSat in MW)
• 28 azwA-viMSati
• 29 nava-viMSati
  • MW also has ekona-triMSat (1 less than 30), declined like trimSat (see below).
  • Deshpande has also Una-triMSat and ekAnna-triMSat, but these are not in MW

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Cardinals 30-39

These are declined only in feminine, usually singular (see comments on 20-29 above).

Declension of f_card triMSat (30)

Declined like a feminine noun ending in 't' with one stem, such as sarit. (Declension rules for this class of nominals will be described in a future comment.)

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	triMSat	triMSatO	triMSataH
Accusative	triMSatam	triMSatO	triMSataH
Instrumental	triMSatA	triMSadByAm	triMSadBiH
Dative	triMSate	triMSadByAm	triMSadByaH
Ablative	triMSataH	triMSadByAm	triMSadByaH
Genitive	triMSataH	triMSatoH	triMSatAm
Locative	triMSati	triMSatoH	triMSatsu
Vocative	triMSat	triMSatO	triMSataH

MW also has triMSati for 30; This declined like feminine noun in 'i' such as 'mati'.

31-39 are compounds of triMSat:

• 31 eka-triMSat
• 32 dvA-triMSat
• 33 trayas-triMSat (also trayas-triMSati in MW)
• 34 catus-triMSat
• 35 paYca-triMSat (also paYca-triMSati in MW)
• 36 zaw-triMSat (also zaw-triMSati in MW)
• 37 sapta-triMSat (also sapta-triMSati in MW)
• 38 azwA-triMSat (MW also has azwa-triMSat)
• 39 nava-triMSat (This is NOT in MW for some reason; the only cardinal 1-99 MW is missing).
  • also ekona-catvAriMSat (1 less than 40). Not an MW headword

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Cardinals 40-49

These are declined only in feminine, usually singular (see comments on 20-29 above).

Declension of f_card catvAriMSat (40)

Declined like a feminine noun ending in 't' with one stem, such as sarit. (Declension rules for this class of nominals will be described in a future comment.)

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	catvAriMSat	catvAriMSatO	catvAriMSataH
Accusative	catvAriMSatam	catvAriMSatO	catvAriMSataH
Instrumental	catvAriMSatA	catvAriMSadByAm	catvAriMSadBiH
Dative	catvAriMSate	catvAriMSadByAm	catvAriMSadByaH
Ablative	catvAriMSataH	catvAriMSadByAm	catvAriMSadByaH
Genitive	catvAriMSataH	catvAriMSatoH	catvAriMSatAm
Locative	catvAriMSati	catvAriMSatoH	catvAriMSatsu
Vocative	catvAriMSat	catvAriMSatO	catvAriMSataH

MW also has catvAriMSati for 40; would be declined like feminine noun ending in 'i' such as mati.

41-49 are compounds of catvAriMSat:

• 41 eka-catvAriMSat
• 42 dvA-catvAriMSat (dvi-catvAriMSat) (also dvA-catvAriMSati in MW)
• 43 trayaS-catvAriMSat (tri-catvAriMSat)
• 44 catuS-catvAriMSat
• 45 paYca-catvAriMSat
• 46 zaw-catvAriMSat
• 47 sapta-catvAriMSat
• 48 azwA-catvAriMSat (MW also has azwa-catvAriMSat)
• 49 nava-catvAriMSat
  • also ekona-catvAriMSat (1 less than 50). Not an MW headword

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Cardinals 50-59

These are declined only in feminine, usually singular (see comments on 20-29 above).

Declension of f_card paYcASat (50)

Declined like a feminine noun ending in 't' with one stem, such as sarit. (Declension rules for this class of nominals will be described in a future comment.)

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	paYcASat	paYcASatO	paYcASataH
Accusative	paYcASatam	paYcASatO	paYcASataH
Instrumental	paYcASatA	paYcASadByAm	paYcASadBiH
Dative	paYcASate	paYcASadByAm	paYcASadByaH
Ablative	paYcASataH	paYcASadByAm	paYcASadByaH
Genitive	paYcASataH	paYcASatoH	paYcASatAm
Locative	paYcASati	paYcASatoH	paYcASatsu
Vocative	paYcASat	paYcASatO	paYcASataH

MW also has paYcASati, which would be declined similarly to viMSati.

51-59 are compounds of paYcASat:

• 51 eka-paYcASat
• 52 dvA-paYcASat (dvi-paYcASat)
• 53 tri-paYcASat (Deshpande also traya-paYcASat - not an MW headword)
• 54 catuz-paYcASat (Deshpande has catuHpaYcASat - not an MW headword)
• 55 paYca-paYcASat
• 56 zaw-paYcASat
• 57 sapta-paYcASat
• 58 azwA-paYcASat (azwa-paYcASat)
• 59 nava-paYcASat
  • also ekona-zazwi (1 less than 60). Not an MW headword

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Cardinals 60-69

These are declined only in feminine, usually singular (see comments on 20-29 above).

• They are all feminine gender. Our declension model is f_card

Declension of f_card zazwi (60)

Declined like a feminine nominal ending in 'i' (i.e., like mati with model f_i )

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	zazwiH	zazwI	zazwayaH
Accusative	zazwim	zazwI	zazwIH
Instrumental	zazwyA	zazwiByAm	zazwiBiH
Dative	zazwyE/zazwaye	zazwiByAm	zazwiByaH
Ablative	zazwyAH/zazweH	zazwiByAm	zazwiByaH
Genitive	zazwyAH/zazweH	zazwyoH	zazwInAm
Locative	zazwyAm/zazwO	zazwyoH	zazwizu
Vocative	zazwe	zazwI	zazwayaH

• 61 eka-zazwi
• 62 dvA-zazwi (also dvi-zazwi)
• 63 trayaH-zazwi (also tri-zazwi)
• 64 catuH-zazwi
• 65 paYca-zazwi
• 66 zaw-zazwi
• 67 sapta-zazwi
• 68 azwA-zazwi (also azwa-zazwi)
• 69 nava-zazwi
  • Deshpande also has ekona-saptati (1 less than 70), declined like viMSati

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Cardinals 70-79

These are declined only in feminine, usually singular (see comments on 20-29 above).

• They are all feminine gender. Our declension model is f_card

Declension of f_card saptati (70)

Declined like a feminine nominal ending in 'i' (i.e., like mati with model f_i )

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	saptatiH	saptatI	saptatayaH
Accusative	saptatim	saptatI	saptatIH
Instrumental	saptatyA	saptatiByAm	saptatiBiH
Dative	saptatyE/saptataye	saptatiByAm	saptatiByaH
Ablative	saptatyAH/saptateH	saptatiByAm	saptatiByaH
Genitive	saptatyAH/saptateH	saptatyoH	saptatInAm
Locative	saptatyAm/saptatO	saptatyoH	saptatizu
Vocative	saptate	saptatI	saptatayaH

• 71 eka-saptati
• 72 dvA-saptati (also dvi-saptati)
• 73 trayaH-saptati (also tri-saptati) (Deshpande spells as trayas-saptati)
• 74 catuH-saptati (Deshpande spells as catus-saptati)
• 75 paYca-saptati
• 76 zaw-saptati
• 77 sapta-saptati
• 78 azwA-saptati (also azwa-saptati)
• 79 nava-saptati
  • Deshpande also has ekonASIti (1 less than 80), declined like viMSati

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Cardinals 80-89

These are declined only in feminine, usually singular (see comments on 20-29 above).

• They are all feminine gender. Our declension model is f_card

Declension of f_card aSIti (80)

Declined like a feminine nominal ending in 'i' (i.e., like mati with model f_i )

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	aSItiH	aSItI	aSItayaH
Accusative	aSItim	aSItI	aSItIH
Instrumental	aSItyA	aSItiByAm	aSItiBiH
Dative	aSItyE/aSItaye	aSItiByAm	aSItiByaH
Ablative	aSItyAH/aSIteH	aSItiByAm	aSItiByaH
Genitive	aSItyAH/aSIteH	aSItyoH	aSItInAm
Locative	aSItyAm/aSItO	aSItyoH	aSItizu
Vocative	aSIte	aSItI	aSItayaH

• 81 ekASIti
• 82 dvy-aSIti
• 83 try-aSIti
• 84 catur-aSIti
• 85 paYcASIti
• 86 zaq-aSIti
• 87 saptASIti
• 88 azwASIti
• 89 navASIti
  • Deshpande also has ekona-navati (1 less than 90), declined like viMSati

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Cardinals 90-99

These are declined only in feminine, usually singular (see comments on 20-29 above).

• They are all feminine gender. Our declension model is f_card

Declension of f_card navati (90)

Declined like a feminine nominal ending in 'i' (i.e., like mati with model f_i )

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	navatiH	navatI	navatayaH
Accusative	navatim	navatI	navatIH
Instrumental	navatyA	navatiByAm	navatiBiH
Dative	navatyE/navataye	navatiByAm	navatiByaH
Ablative	navatyAH/navateH	navatiByAm	navatiByaH
Genitive	navatyAH/navateH	navatyoH	navatInAm
Locative	navatyAm/navatO	navatyoH	navatizu
Vocative	navate	navatI	navatayaH

• 91 eka-navati
• 92 dvA-navati (also dvi-navati)
• 93 tri-navati (also trayo-navati)
• 94 catur-navati
• 95 paYca-navati
• 96 zaR-Ravati
• 97 sapta-navati
• 98 azwa-navati (also azwA-navati)
• 99 nava-navati
  • Deshpande also has ekona-Sata (1 less than 100), declined like deva

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cardinal numbers with other models

Several other words are mentioned in the discussion of cardinal numbers by Deshpande or Kale. These are all vowel-ending words, and are declined with the vowel-ending models and with the genders mentioned by MW.

citation	model(s)	sense	MW form
Sata	n_a, m_a,f#I (SatI)	100
sahasra	n_a,m_a	1000
ayuta	n_a,m_a	10000
lakza	n_a,m_a,f#A	100000
prayuta	m_a,n_a,f#A	1,000,000 (million)
kowi	f_i	10,000,000
arbuda	n_a,m_a	10,000,000 or 100,000,000
abja	n_a	1,000,000,000 (billion)	milliard
Karva	m_a,n_a	10,000,000,000	(not named)
niKarva	n_a	100,000,000,000	100 billion(same as Kale); 1 billion in some references
mahApadma	m_a,n_a	1,000,000,000,000 (trillion)	(not specified)
SaNku	m_u	10,000,000,000,000	ten billions
jalaDi	m_i	100,000,000,000,000	100 billions
antya	n_a	1,000,000,000,000,000 (quadrillion)	1000 billions
maDya	n_a	10,000,000,000,000,000	ten thousand billions
parArDa	n_a	100,000,000,000,000,000	100,000 billions

Note: MW's 'milliard' is an older English word for current U.S. English 'billion'. And MW's 'billion' is 1000 'milliard', same as current U.S. English 'trillion'.

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MW compounds ending with cardinal numbers

We decline these compounds like the cardinal number comprising the last pada.

compounds of paYcan, m_card

compound	model	sense
arDa-paYcan	m_card	four and a half
catuz-paYcan	m_card	4 or 5
dvi-zaz	m_card	2 x 6, 12
tri-zaz	m_card	3 x 6
dvi-saptan	m_card	2 x 7, 14
saptAzwan	m_card	7 or 8
prati-dvA-daSan	m_card	twelve in each case
zaq-aDika-daSan	m_card	10 + 6
dvi-trayas-triMSat	f_card	2 x 33
siMhAsana-dvA-triMSat	f_card	N. of a wk. consisting of 32 stories in praise of Vikramâditya
AryA-paYcASat	f_card	N. of a Vedânta wk.
arDa-paYcASat	f_card	wenty-five
deva-nAyaka-paYcASat	f_card	N. of wk.
lakzmI-paYcASat	f_card	N. of wk.
lokArya-paYcASat	f_card	N. of a Stotra.
ny-Aya-paYcASat	f_card	N. of wk.
parANkuSa-pAdukA-paYcASat	f_card	N. of a Stotra.
svara-paYcASat	f_card	N. of wk. on Vedic accents.
vara-da-rAja-paYcASat	f_card	N. of wk.
veNkaweSa-paYcASat	f_card	N. of wk.
vi-rUpAkza-paYcASat	f_card	N. of a Stotra