Nominals of 1 stem ending in dental consonant

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General comment regarding nominals ending in consonant with 1 stem

From the MW list of nominals (lexnorm-all2), there are about 4000 entries which:

• end in a consonant
• are not one of the special classes of nominals ending in consonants
  • pronouns #40
  • cardinal numbers #39
  • adjectives of direction ending in aYc #38
  • nominals ending in an #37
  • participles ending in vas #33
  • nominals ending in Iyas #32
  • nominals ending in vat #31
  • nominals ending in in #30
  • present active participles (not yet discussed )

In addition, this exposition has previously identified the 1-stem nominals ending in s, in three cases

• nominals ending in as #34,
• nominals ending in is #35
• nominals ending in us #36

Naming scheme for the models

For a nominal ending in a consonant which is declined according to one of the various 1-stem models, the model name has the general form <gender>_1_<consonant>. For example m_1_t, f_1_c, n_1_d.

list of all 1-stem nominals from MW

analyze_1cons.txt lists all of the MW headwords which are identified as having declensions according to the 1-stem model; spellings use SLP1 transliteration. analyze_1cons_iast.txt is the same list but in IAST spelling.

This list is

• separated by order of the ending consonant. So all the k-ending words, all the K-ending words, etc.
• For each consonant, the words are grouped according to the 'last pada'.
• If there is only one word with the given ending, then its Cologne record ID is shown
• If there are more than one such word, then a list of the prefixes is given.
  • If the word without prefix occurs in MW as a nominal, this is indicated by showing a ~ as the first entry in the list; for instance fc 06 ~ an- ud- prakfty- bahv- maDv-.

number of occurrences for dental endings

From this file,

• 1261 entries ending in 't' (113 distinct suffixes)
• 7 entries ending in 'T' (3 distinct suffixes)
• 971 entries ending in 'd' (39 distinct suffixes)
• 96 entries ending in 'D' (20 distinct suffixes)
• 1 entry ending in 'n' (1 distinct suffix)

[funderburkjim]

The general principle of declension

The general rule for declining these 1-stem nouns is to join the citation form of the noun to a given fixed set of endings, and to use various rules of sandhi in this joining process.

General masculine/feminine endings

The endings are the same for the masculine and feminine:

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	O	aH
Accusative	am	O	aH
Instrumental	A	ByAm	BiH
Dative	e	ByAm	ByaH
Ablative	aH	ByAm	ByaH
Genitive	aH	oH	Am
Locative	i	oH	su
Vocative	O	aH

neuter endings

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	I	i
Accusative	I	i
Instrumental	A	ByAm	BiH
Dative	e	ByAm	ByaH
Ablative	aH	ByAm	ByaH
Genitive	aH	oH	Am
Locative	i	oH	su
Vocative	I	i

The neuter endings are :

• same as m/f in cases 3-7
• <empty>,I,i for cases 1,2 and 8

Many variations of the general rule

There are numerous changes to the general rule due to:

• sandhi between final consonant and a given ending
• Some special rules.
  • the ending consonant before the 'empty' endings changes in various whimsical ways,
  • the ending before locative plural ending changes similarly to the ending before an empty ending and then the combination sometimes undergoes further change
  • the ending consonant generally is unchanged before vowel endings
    • but before the neuter 1p,2p, and 8p ending 'i', a homorganic nasal is inserted before the ending consonant.; this is for most consonant endings
  • the final consonant is generally changed before the 'B' endings to the soft unaspirated consonant of the final consonant's varga. e.g. 'jagat' + 'BiH' becomes 'jagad' + 'BiH'.

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The case of final consonant d

The only special rules here are:

• Before empty ending and before the 7p ending su, change the final d to t.
  • Note Kale asserts that optionally this ending can be d. However, our current algorithm does not include this alternate
• in the neuter 1p,2p,8p forms, insert n before the final d, then the ending i: so -ndi

Declension of nud with m_1_d, f_1_d models:

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	nut	nudO	nudaH
Accusative	nudam	nudO	nudaH
Instrumental	nudA	nudByAm	nudBiH
Dative	nude	nudByAm	nudByaH
Ablative	nudaH	nudByAm	nudByaH
Genitive	nudaH	nudoH	nudAm
Locative	nudi	nudoH	nutsu
Vocative	nut	nudO	nudaH

Declension of nud in n_1_d model

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	nut	nudI	nundi
Accusative	nut	nudI	nundi
Instrumental	nudA	nudByAm	nudBiH
Dative	nude	nudByAm	nudByaH
Ablative	nudaH	nudByAm	nudByaH
Genitive	nudaH	nudoH	nudAm
Locative	nudi	nudoH	nutsu
Vocative	nut	nudI	nundi

[funderburkjim]

The case of final consonant D

The special rules here are:

• Before empty ending and before the 7p ending su, change the final D to t.
  • Note Kale asserts that optionally this ending can be d. However, our current algorithm does not include this alternate
• in the neuter 1p,2p,8p forms, insert n before the final D, then the ending i: so -nDi

Declension of vfD with m_1_D, f_1_D models:

vfD only appears in MW list at the end of compounds.

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	vft	vfDO	vfDaH
Accusative	vfDam	vfDO	vfDaH
Instrumental	vfDA	vfdByAm	vfdBiH
Dative	vfDe	vfdByAm	vfdByaH
Ablative	vfDaH	vfdByAm	vfdByaH
Genitive	vfDaH	vfDoH	vfDAm
Locative	vfDi	vfDoH	vftsu
Vocative	vft	vfDO	vfDaH

Declension of n_1_D vfD

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	vft	vfDI	vfnDi
Accusative	vft	vfDI	vfnDi
Instrumental	vfDA	vfdByAm	vfdBiH
Dative	vfDe	vfdByAm	vfdByaH
Ablative	vfDaH	vfdByAm	vfdByaH
Genitive	vfDaH	vfDoH	vfDAm
Locative	vfDi	vfDoH	vftsu
Vocative	vft	vfDI	vfnDi

declension of buD

Compounds ending in buD have an additional wrinkle:
In the 'empty' ending forms, before ending 'su', and before the 'B' endings, the initial 'b' of the base is aspirated to become 'B'.
This is confirmed by Whitney Section 391b for buD; Huet also confirms for buD, baD, and bAD.

Declension of m_1_D buD

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	But	buDO	buDaH
Accusative	buDam	buDO	buDaH
Instrumental	buDA	BudByAm	BudBiH
Dative	buDe	BudByAm	BudByaH
Ablative	buDaH	BudByAm	BudByaH
Genitive	buDaH	buDoH	buDAm
Locative	buDi	buDoH	Butsu
Vocative	But	buDO	buDaH

Declension of n_1_D buD

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	But	buDI	bunDi
Accusative	But	buDI	bunDi
Instrumental	buDA	BudByAm	BudBiH
Dative	buDe	BudByAm	BudByaH
Ablative	buDaH	BudByAm	BudByaH
Genitive	buDaH	buDoH	buDAm
Locative	buDi	buDoH	Butsu
Vocative	But	buDI	bunDi

[funderburkjim]

The case of final consonant t

The special rules here are:

• Before empty ending and before the 7p ending su, no change to final 't'
  • Note Kale asserts that optionally this ending can be d. However, our current algorithm does not include this alternate
• in the neuter 1p,2p,8p forms, insert n before the final t, then the ending i: so -nti
• Before endings starting with 'B', the final 't' becomes 'd'

Declension of f_1_t sarit

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	sarit	saritO	saritaH
Accusative	saritam	saritO	saritaH
Instrumental	saritA	saridByAm	saridBiH
Dative	sarite	saridByAm	saridByaH
Ablative	saritaH	saridByAm	saridByaH
Genitive	saritaH	saritoH	saritAm
Locative	sariti	saritoH	saritsu
Vocative	sarit	saritO	saritaH

Declension of n_1_t jagat

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	jagat	jagatI	jaganti
Accusative	jagat	jagatI	jaganti
Instrumental	jagatA	jagadByAm	jagadBiH
Dative	jagate	jagadByAm	jagadByaH
Ablative	jagataH	jagadByAm	jagadByaH
Genitive	jagataH	jagatoH	jagatAm
Locative	jagati	jagatoH	jagatsu
Vocative	jagat	jagatI	jaganti

[funderburkjim]

The case of final consonant T

The special rules here are:

• Before empty ending and before the 7p ending su, the final 'T' becomes 't'
  • Note Kale asserts that optionally this ending can be d. However, our current algorithm does not include this alternate
• in the neuter 1p,2p,8p forms, insert n before the final T, then the ending i: so -nTi
• Before endings starting with 'B', the final 't' becomes 'd'

Declension of m_1_T maT

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	mat	maTO	maTaH
Accusative	maTam	maTO	maTaH
Instrumental	maTA	madByAm	madBiH
Dative	maTe	madByAm	madByaH
Ablative	maTaH	madByAm	madByaH
Genitive	maTaH	maToH	maTAm
Locative	maTi	maToH	matsu
Vocative	mat	maTO	maTaH

Declension of n_1_T maT

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	mat	maTI	manTi
Accusative	mat	maTI	manTi
Instrumental	maTA	madByAm	madBiH
Dative	maTe	madByAm	madByaH
Ablative	maTaH	madByAm	madByaH
Genitive	maTaH	maToH	maTAm
Locative	maTi	maToH	matsu
Vocative	mat	maTI	manTi

Question re su-paT

MW entry: su—path m. (nom. -panthās) a good path, VS. ; ŚBr. ; Kāv. Our algorithm would show nom. singular of -pat.
It may be that the correct declension should follow that of the irregularly declined paTin (our system does not yet incorporate this irregularity for paTin. See Huet's entry for correct form of paTin .); Also see Kale, p. 79.

[funderburkjim]

taj-ja-lAn

This is the only entry of a nominal ending in n in MW: taj—ja—lān a mfn. produced, absorbed and breathing in that, ChUp. iii, 14, 1.

I've found no guidance in any source for this declension. Hence it remains unhandled by the declension algorithms.