Add vocabulary for Chapter 9

@serewilliams : We have been noticing that some of the bolded words in the print version do not show up online, but we do want the students to include all bolded terms from the print version. To help you out, here are the bolded terms in the print version for Chapter 9 (note: these aren't due for a while, this is just for whenever you are ready):

[ ] multidimensional scaling (MDS)
[ ] clusters (in the context of data analysis)
[ ] robust (in the context of a statistical method)
[ ] outlier
[ ] breakdown point
[ ] non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS)
[ ] metadata
[ ] batch effects
[ ] confounding
[ ] confounded effects
[ ] supplementary (in the context of variables for a statistical model)
[ ] supplementary points
[ ] interactive (in the context of plots)
[ ] contingency table
[ ] chi-squared distance
[ ] biplots
[ ] mutation co-occurrence matrix
[ ] correspondence analysis (CA) / dual scaling
[ ] ordinational methods
[ ] clustering (in the context of statistical methods)
[ ] kernel
[ ] local linear embedding (LLE)
[ ] isomap
[ ] inertia (in the context of counts in a contingency table)
[ ] covariance
[ ] matrix association
[ ] RV coefficient
[ ] penalty
[ ] sparsity penalty
[ ] heterogeneous data
[ ] canonical correlation
[ ] nonlinear

Be sure to look through the old vocabulary lists---if any terms have already been defined, just copy that definition. As we move to the later chapters, this is the case for a number of the terms.

Also, we have been asking students to add a few of the relevant biological terms from the chapter, even though they aren't bolded. Some that would make sense for Chapter 9 are (you may pick which you think will be most helpful to the students):

[ ] biological sequences
[ ] species tree
[ ] assay
[ ] sample batch
[ ] protocol
[ ] microarray
[ ] bacterial abundance data
[ ] taxa
[ ] single-cell experiment
[ ] mutation
[ ] phenotype
[ ] cell development
[ ] metabolites

geanders / csu_msmb

Add vocabulary for Chapter 9 #45