NTR : 'envenomation resulting in blood agglutination in other organism'

[pgarmiri]

Hi,

I would like to request a new term 'envenomation resulting in blood agglutination in other organism' based on PMID: 10484740 'Primary structure and biological activity of snake venom lectin (APL) from Agkistrodon p. piscivorus (Eastern cottonmouth).'

They found that "Purified APL (1 μg) strongly agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes in the presence of CaCl2 (Fig. 3b). The minimum hemagglutinating concentration of APL determined in the absence of additional CaCl2 was 0.21 μg/ml. Incubation of APL at 80°C for 15 min did not affect the hemagglutinating activity, while complete inhibition was observed by 15 mM galactose (Table 1). The effect of galactose was also observed even in the presence of CaCl2 (Fig. 3c). The calcium chelater EGTA, also affected the activity of APL in a concentration-dependent manner (Fig. 3d–g, Table 1), suggesting that APL is a galactose-binding protein and calcium ions are essential for hemagglutination activity."

There was an 'lectin' term that has been obsoleted. Looking at that page I noticed that there were some suggestions of alternative terms. ( see below) 

GO:0005530 'obsolete lectin'

Molecular Function Definition (GO:0005530 GONUTS page)

OBSOLETE. Lectins are proteins obtained particularly from the seeds of leguminous plants, but also from many other plant and animal sources, that have binding sites for specific mono or oligosaccharides in cell walls or membranes. They thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell.

The two terms below could potentially work but they are not under the 'multi-organism process' branch.

GO:0007157 'heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules'

Biological Process Definition (GO:0007157 GONUTS page)

The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.

Synonym : 'agglutination'

GO:0016339 'calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules'

Biological Process Definition (GO:0016339 GONUTS page)

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.

There there is also this term that could be suitable as a parent if it was a new term to be created.

GO:0035738 'envenomation resulting in modulation of process in other organism'

Biological Process Definition (GO:0035738 GONUTS page)

The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the manifestation of some change or damage to the bitten organism.

A comparison chart of the three terms can be seen below.

I found this book that describes the how these lectins work (unfortunately the following page was not freely available..)

Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles Edited By Stephen P. Mackessy, Edition 1st Edition First Published 2010

(https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x_vME799de4C&pg=PA362&lpg=PA362&dq=does+toxin++mediated+blood+agglutination+require+calcium?&source=bl&ots=PyL5-AxXPl&sig=ACfU3U0EqdbeAR6_3vKUTzzrI3NlTVhJ7A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjx-6Wz8vHnAhVUQ8AKHey7DpMQ6AEwDXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=does%20toxin%20%20mediated%20blood%20agglutination%20require%20calcium%3F&f=false)

The new term would be **'envenomation resulting in blood agglutination in other organism'**

Suggested Definition

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with specific proteins binding to cell-surface carbohydrates and causing calcium-dependent agglutination of blood cells in the bitten organism.

Synonyms:

envenomation resulting in red blood cells agglutination in other organism

envenomation resulting in erythrocytes agglutination in other organism

At the moment, I have added all the terms in the comparison chart until a more appropriated term is available.

Thank you for looking into this.

Penelope

[pgarmiri]

[pgaudet]

We can create this for now, to be consistent with the rest of the branch - but this really needs to be revised. The actual injection of a substance (envonomation) is not really related to the 'biological purpose' of the toxin. Wikipedia is helpful

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom

• Necrotoxins, which cause necrosis (i.e., death) in the cells they encounter.[4] The venom of most viper species contains phospholipase and trypsin-like serine proteases.
• Neurotoxins, which primarily affect the nervous systems of animals.[5] These include ion channel toxins that disrupt ion channel conductance. Black widow spider, scorpion, box jellyfish, cone snail, centipede and blue-ringed octopus venoms (among many others) function in this way.
• Myotoxins, which damage muscles by binding to a receptor, are small, basic peptides found in snake (such as rattlesnake) and lizard venoms.[6][7][8][9]
• Cytotoxins, which kill individual cells, are found in the apitoxin of honey bees and the venom of black widow spiders.[10][11]

But still - venoms serve for either feeding or defense, right ? Any other function ? We should make sure to capture that as well.

Thanks, Pascale

[pgarmiri]

Hi, Somehow I missed your reply! It seems that the way of the toxin in entering the other organism it does matter. Please see part of the link below that describe the different between poison and venom.

They also, mentioned another use of the venom; that is to deter competitors. It will be good to capture this as well.

(https://www.science.org.au/curious/people-medicine/venom-painful-truth)

Poisonous ain’t venomous

Although the terms are often used interchangeably, ‘venom’ and ‘poison’ are actually not the same thing.

Poison is a toxin that gets into the body through the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract or by absorption through intact (unbroken) body layers. Poisons generally contain very small molecules—which means they can be absorbed by the skin, for instance. A cane toad, which excretes toxins from glands on each shoulder, is a poisonous animal. It has to be ingested (or licked) to cause harm. Poison ivy is an example of a poisonous plant—touching it can result in an itchy and sometimes painful rash.

Venom is a toxin or mixture of toxins that get into the body through an injection—via a bite or sting. Because it has a mixture of small and large molecules, it needs a wound to be able to enter the body. A taipan, which injects venom through syringe-like teeth, is a venomous animal. So are jellyfish, which inject venom into skin using venom-filled harpoon-like structures that shoot out from cells along their tentacles when touched.

"If you lick it or eat it and you die, it’s poisonous. If it bites you and you die, it’s venomous."
Dr Bryan Fry

Thanks, Penelope

[pgarmiri]

Hi, Could I also ask that GO:0035738 'envenomation resulting in modulation of process in other organism' and child terms to be moved under GO:0044419 'interspecies interaction between organisms', as currently it gives a error if an interacting taxon ID is present? Thanks, Penelope

[ukemi]

@pgaudet I am transferring this over to you since you have been working on the multi-organism terms.

[pgarmiri]

Hi, This is still an issue and it's pity I can't add the information during the pathogenesis revision. Many of the entities are toxins of snake venom etc.

Thanks, Penelope

[pgaudet]

Hi @pgarmiri

Sorry this is taking long. I've added the term and fixed the parent of 'injection of substance into other organism'.

I still think this branch could be represented better, but I have no solution yet.

Thanks, Pascale

[pgaudet]

+[Term] +id: GO:0140548 +name: envenomation resulting in blood agglutination in other organism +namespace: A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with specific proteins binding to cell-surface carbohydrates and causing calcium-dependent agglutination of blood cells in the bitten organism. {xref="PMID:10484740"} +namespace: biological_process +synonym: "envenomation resulting in erythrocytes agglutination in other organism" EXACT [] +synonym: "envenomation resulting in red blood cells agglutination in other organism" EXACT [] +is_a: GO:0035738 ! envenomation resulting in modulation of process in other organism +property_value: term_tracker_item https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/18979 xsd:anyURI +created_by: pg +creation_date: 2020-11-11T21:42:31Z

[pgarmiri]

Thanks @pgaudet !

[pgarmiri]

Hi, Could I also ask that GO:0035738 'envenomation resulting in modulation of process in other organism' and child terms to be moved under GO:0044419 'interspecies interaction between organisms', as currently it gives a error if an interacting taxon ID is present? Thanks, Penelope

Hi @pgarmiri

Sorry this is taking long. I've added the term and fixed the parent of 'injection of substance into other organism'.

I still think this branch could be represented better, but I have no solution yet.

Thanks, Pascale

Hi @pgaudet , This is still an issue. I am getting an error when I am trying to add the interacting taxon. Is says it has to be a descendant of GO:0044419 'interspecies interaction between organisms'.. Thanks, Penelope

[pgarmiri]

Okay, now this is fixed somehow :) Closing the issue. Thanks, Penelope

[pgaudet]

Great !