Slug generation for headings in web-viewed `README.md` in GitHub repos

[vadimkantorov]

Hi!

Am I correct that this library is being used by GitHub for rendering README.md's and for heading slug generation? Or is https://github.com/kivikakk/comrak actually getting used for this?

There are a lot of quirks in this slug generation (e.g. how punctuation / emojis / hash-sign / cyrillic / latin-1 / spaces are getting replaced by hyphens and if multiple hyphens get contracted to a single hyphen in the middle/beginning/end of slug), but being able to replicate it exactly is important sometimes (for Markdown generation and generating ToC's / links to certain headings)

Thank you :)

[wooorm]

(i don’t work at GH, just lots of markdown experience)

What is the question?

quirks, or features?

I’ve spent a lot of time reverse-engineering what GH does exactly and it’s in https://github.com/Flet/github-slugger.

[vadimkantorov]

The question is "quirks", and if the heading-generation source code is available in this repo or e.g. in https://github.com/kivikakk/comrak (https://github.com/github/markup?tab=readme-ov-file#markups refers to https://github.com/gjtorikian/commonmarker which is a ruby wrapper of https://github.com/kivikakk/comrak which is a rust port of https://github.com/github/cmark-gfm/)

Thank you for your pointer to your reverse-engineered algo. If the official algo isn't available anywhere, I'll use your reimpl!

---

Found some more references about the subject:

• https://github.com/gjtorikian/commonmarker/issues/118
• https://github.com/kivikakk/comrak/pull/297
• https://github.com/kivikakk/comrak/blob/fc6502b8f4fe565ae3055e3a7e06c5c8090cf406/src/html.rs#L104

[wooorm]

Thing with comrak/cmark-gfm/etc is that they deal with parsing markdown. Then GH internals turn it into some HTML document object and perform many steps on that. That’s where the slugging happens. I’ve asked about this 5 years ago and there are internal issues apparently but never got the responses (https://github.com/Flet/github-slugger/pull/25#issuecomment-511569679). Hence why I basically threw every character at GitHub to see what they give back: https://github.com/Flet/github-slugger/commit/af59f343dc7fe88a94a79c721fb3225a275a095d.

[vadimkantorov]

I also found this https://github.com/kivikakk/comrak/blob/fc6502b8f4fe565ae3055e3a7e06c5c8090cf406/src/html.rs#L104 and this comment: https://github.com/kivikakk/comrak/pull/297 (also seems to reverse-engineer GitHub's slugging? or actually is used for slugging by GitHub?)

[vadimkantorov]

For me, the weirdest slugs are when there are multiple -- at the end, or a - in the beginning, and sometimes it even encodes emojis as hex %AB%00%02 and similar. So not clear for me if/how GitHub contracts multiple hyphens and if/how they strip hyphens at the beginning/ending of the slug

[wooorm]

Percent encoding is your browser, not GH. I think Chrome does it but SF/FF don’t. For the dashes: please see my reverse engineered impl ;)

[vadimkantorov]

For percent encoding, it was there to substitute an emoji, so I think GH has kept the emoji char in place in the slug and not replaced it by hyphen which was weird for me :)

[vadimkantorov]

@wooorm I have the following header:

which gets slugified as

Here is the markdown source: # asdsd [#](#)[✏️](https://notion.so/1e01f04ac311430d8c41747f4a8ff601)

%EF%B8%8F sequence is UTF-8 encoding of \uFE0F (https://codepoints.net/U+FE0F?lang=en) which is some unicode code point for modifier (controlling how emoji should be displayed)

Somehow GitHub does not strip this...

[wooorm]

VS 15 and VS 16 are indeed not stripped while slugging by GH. They are not emoji per cé. Why not look at the source I referenced? It follows GH. You can use it, or look at its code?

[vadimkantorov]

I've tried your code, seems to be working! Also, GitHub seems to be strip()-ing spaces on the left/right.

if __name__ == '__main__':
    print(slugify('asdsd  #✏').encode())
    ```b'asdsd--\xef\xb8\x8f'```
    print(slugify('asdsd  #').encode())
    ```b'asdsd--'```

import re
def slugify(value, maintainCase = False): # python port of https://github.com/Flet/github-slugger
    regex = r'[\0-\x1F!-,\.\/:-@\[-\^`\{-\xA9\xAB-\xB4\xB6-\xB9\xBB-\xBF\xD7\xF7\u02C2-\u02C5\u02D2-\u02DF\u02E5-\u02EB\u02ED\u02EF-\u02FF\u0375\u0378\u0379\u037E\u0380-\u0385\u0387\u038B\u038D\u03A2\u03F6\u0482\u0530\u0557\u0558\u055A-\u055F\u0589-\u0590\u05BE\u05C0\u05C3\u05C6\u05C8-\u05CF\u05EB-\u05EE\u05F3-\u060F\u061B-\u061F\u066A-\u066D\u06D4\u06DD\u06DE\u06E9\u06FD\u06FE\u0700-\u070F\u074B\u074C\u07B2-\u07BF\u07F6-\u07F9\u07FB\u07FC\u07FE\u07FF\u082E-\u083F\u085C-\u085F\u086B-\u089F\u08B5\u08C8-\u08D2\u08E2\u0964\u0965\u0970\u0984\u098D\u098E\u0991\u0992\u09A9\u09B1\u09B3-\u09B5\u09BA\u09BB\u09C5\u09C6\u09C9\u09CA\u09CF-\u09D6\u09D8-\u09DB\u09DE\u09E4\u09E5\u09F2-\u09FB\u09FD\u09FF\u0A00\u0A04\u0A0B-\u0A0E\u0A11\u0A12\u0A29\u0A31\u0A34\u0A37\u0A3A\u0A3B\u0A3D\u0A43-\u0A46\u0A49\u0A4A\u0A4E-\u0A50\u0A52-\u0A58\u0A5D\u0A5F-\u0A65\u0A76-\u0A80\u0A84\u0A8E\u0A92\u0AA9\u0AB1\u0AB4\u0ABA\u0ABB\u0AC6\u0ACA\u0ACE\u0ACF\u0AD1-\u0ADF\u0AE4\u0AE5\u0AF0-\u0AF8\u0B00\u0B04\u0B0D\u0B0E\u0B11\u0B12\u0B29\u0B31\u0B34\u0B3A\u0B3B\u0B45\u0B46\u0B49\u0B4A\u0B4E-\u0B54\u0B58-\u0B5B\u0B5E\u0B64\u0B65\u0B70\u0B72-\u0B81\u0B84\u0B8B-\u0B8D\u0B91\u0B96-\u0B98\u0B9B\u0B9D\u0BA0-\u0BA2\u0BA5-\u0BA7\u0BAB-\u0BAD\u0BBA-\u0BBD\u0BC3-\u0BC5\u0BC9\u0BCE\u0BCF\u0BD1-\u0BD6\u0BD8-\u0BE5\u0BF0-\u0BFF\u0C0D\u0C11\u0C29\u0C3A-\u0C3C\u0C45\u0C49\u0C4E-\u0C54\u0C57\u0C5B-\u0C5F\u0C64\u0C65\u0C70-\u0C7F\u0C84\u0C8D\u0C91\u0CA9\u0CB4\u0CBA\u0CBB\u0CC5\u0CC9\u0CCE-\u0CD4\u0CD7-\u0CDD\u0CDF\u0CE4\u0CE5\u0CF0\u0CF3-\u0CFF\u0D0D\u0D11\u0D45\u0D49\u0D4F-\u0D53\u0D58-\u0D5E\u0D64\u0D65\u0D70-\u0D79\u0D80\u0D84\u0D97-\u0D99\u0DB2\u0DBC\u0DBE\u0DBF\u0DC7-\u0DC9\u0DCB-\u0DCE\u0DD5\u0DD7\u0DE0-\u0DE5\u0DF0\u0DF1\u0DF4-\u0E00\u0E3B-\u0E3F\u0E4F\u0E5A-\u0E80\u0E83\u0E85\u0E8B\u0EA4\u0EA6\u0EBE\u0EBF\u0EC5\u0EC7\u0ECE\u0ECF\u0EDA\u0EDB\u0EE0-\u0EFF\u0F01-\u0F17\u0F1A-\u0F1F\u0F2A-\u0F34\u0F36\u0F38\u0F3A-\u0F3D\u0F48\u0F6D-\u0F70\u0F85\u0F98\u0FBD-\u0FC5\u0FC7-\u0FFF\u104A-\u104F\u109E\u109F\u10C6\u10C8-\u10CC\u10CE\u10CF\u10FB\u1249\u124E\u124F\u1257\u1259\u125E\u125F\u1289\u128E\u128F\u12B1\u12B6\u12B7\u12BF\u12C1\u12C6\u12C7\u12D7\u1311\u1316\u1317\u135B\u135C\u1360-\u137F\u1390-\u139F\u13F6\u13F7\u13FE-\u1400\u166D\u166E\u1680\u169B-\u169F\u16EB-\u16ED\u16F9-\u16FF\u170D\u1715-\u171F\u1735-\u173F\u1754-\u175F\u176D\u1771\u1774-\u177F\u17D4-\u17D6\u17D8-\u17DB\u17DE\u17DF\u17EA-\u180A\u180E\u180F\u181A-\u181F\u1879-\u187F\u18AB-\u18AF\u18F6-\u18FF\u191F\u192C-\u192F\u193C-\u1945\u196E\u196F\u1975-\u197F\u19AC-\u19AF\u19CA-\u19CF\u19DA-\u19FF\u1A1C-\u1A1F\u1A5F\u1A7D\u1A7E\u1A8A-\u1A8F\u1A9A-\u1AA6\u1AA8-\u1AAF\u1AC1-\u1AFF\u1B4C-\u1B4F\u1B5A-\u1B6A\u1B74-\u1B7F\u1BF4-\u1BFF\u1C38-\u1C3F\u1C4A-\u1C4C\u1C7E\u1C7F\u1C89-\u1C8F\u1CBB\u1CBC\u1CC0-\u1CCF\u1CD3\u1CFB-\u1CFF\u1DFA\u1F16\u1F17\u1F1E\u1F1F\u1F46\u1F47\u1F4E\u1F4F\u1F58\u1F5A\u1F5C\u1F5E\u1F7E\u1F7F\u1FB5\u1FBD\u1FBF-\u1FC1\u1FC5\u1FCD-\u1FCF\u1FD4\u1FD5\u1FDC-\u1FDF\u1FED-\u1FF1\u1FF5\u1FFD-\u203E\u2041-\u2053\u2055-\u2070\u2072-\u207E\u2080-\u208F\u209D-\u20CF\u20F1-\u2101\u2103-\u2106\u2108\u2109\u2114\u2116-\u2118\u211E-\u2123\u2125\u2127\u2129\u212E\u213A\u213B\u2140-\u2144\u214A-\u214D\u214F-\u215F\u2189-\u24B5\u24EA-\u2BFF\u2C2F\u2C5F\u2CE5-\u2CEA\u2CF4-\u2CFF\u2D26\u2D28-\u2D2C\u2D2E\u2D2F\u2D68-\u2D6E\u2D70-\u2D7E\u2D97-\u2D9F\u2DA7\u2DAF\u2DB7\u2DBF\u2DC7\u2DCF\u2DD7\u2DDF\u2E00-\u2E2E\u2E30-\u3004\u3008-\u3020\u3030\u3036\u3037\u303D-\u3040\u3097\u3098\u309B\u309C\u30A0\u30FB\u3100-\u3104\u3130\u318F-\u319F\u31C0-\u31EF\u3200-\u33FF\u4DC0-\u4DFF\u9FFD-\u9FFF\uA48D-\uA4CF\uA4FE\uA4FF\uA60D-\uA60F\uA62C-\uA63F\uA673\uA67E\uA6F2-\uA716\uA720\uA721\uA789\uA78A\uA7C0\uA7C1\uA7CB-\uA7F4\uA828-\uA82B\uA82D-\uA83F\uA874-\uA87F\uA8C6-\uA8CF\uA8DA-\uA8DF\uA8F8-\uA8FA\uA8FC\uA92E\uA92F\uA954-\uA95F\uA97D-\uA97F\uA9C1-\uA9CE\uA9DA-\uA9DF\uA9FF\uAA37-\uAA3F\uAA4E\uAA4F\uAA5A-\uAA5F\uAA77-\uAA79\uAAC3-\uAADA\uAADE\uAADF\uAAF0\uAAF1\uAAF7-\uAB00\uAB07\uAB08\uAB0F\uAB10\uAB17-\uAB1F\uAB27\uAB2F\uAB5B\uAB6A-\uAB6F\uABEB\uABEE\uABEF\uABFA-\uABFF\uD7A4-\uD7AF\uD7C7-\uD7CA\uD7FC-\uD7FF\uE000-\uF8FF\uFA6E\uFA6F\uFADA-\uFAFF\uFB07-\uFB12\uFB18-\uFB1C\uFB29\uFB37\uFB3D\uFB3F\uFB42\uFB45\uFBB2-\uFBD2\uFD3E-\uFD4F\uFD90\uFD91\uFDC8-\uFDEF\uFDFC-\uFDFF\uFE10-\uFE1F\uFE30-\uFE32\uFE35-\uFE4C\uFE50-\uFE6F\uFE75\uFEFD-\uFF0F\uFF1A-\uFF20\uFF3B-\uFF3E\uFF40\uFF5B-\uFF65\uFFBF-\uFFC1\uFFC8\uFFC9\uFFD0\uFFD1\uFFD8\uFFD9\uFFDD-\uFFFF]|\uD800[\uDC0C\uDC27\uDC3B\uDC3E\uDC4E\uDC4F\uDC5E-\uDC7F\uDCFB-\uDD3F\uDD75-\uDDFC\uDDFE-\uDE7F\uDE9D-\uDE9F\uDED1-\uDEDF\uDEE1-\uDEFF\uDF20-\uDF2C\uDF4B-\uDF4F\uDF7B-\uDF7F\uDF9E\uDF9F\uDFC4-\uDFC7\uDFD0\uDFD6-\uDFFF]|\uD801[\uDC9E\uDC9F\uDCAA-\uDCAF\uDCD4-\uDCD7\uDCFC-\uDCFF\uDD28-\uDD2F\uDD64-\uDDFF\uDF37-\uDF3F\uDF56-\uDF5F\uDF68-\uDFFF]|\uD802[\uDC06\uDC07\uDC09\uDC36\uDC39-\uDC3B\uDC3D\uDC3E\uDC56-\uDC5F\uDC77-\uDC7F\uDC9F-\uDCDF\uDCF3\uDCF6-\uDCFF\uDD16-\uDD1F\uDD3A-\uDD7F\uDDB8-\uDDBD\uDDC0-\uDDFF\uDE04\uDE07-\uDE0B\uDE14\uDE18\uDE36\uDE37\uDE3B-\uDE3E\uDE40-\uDE5F\uDE7D-\uDE7F\uDE9D-\uDEBF\uDEC8\uDEE7-\uDEFF\uDF36-\uDF3F\uDF56-\uDF5F\uDF73-\uDF7F\uDF92-\uDFFF]|\uD803[\uDC49-\uDC7F\uDCB3-\uDCBF\uDCF3-\uDCFF\uDD28-\uDD2F\uDD3A-\uDE7F\uDEAA\uDEAD-\uDEAF\uDEB2-\uDEFF\uDF1D-\uDF26\uDF28-\uDF2F\uDF51-\uDFAF\uDFC5-\uDFDF\uDFF7-\uDFFF]|\uD804[\uDC47-\uDC65\uDC70-\uDC7E\uDCBB-\uDCCF\uDCE9-\uDCEF\uDCFA-\uDCFF\uDD35\uDD40-\uDD43\uDD48-\uDD4F\uDD74\uDD75\uDD77-\uDD7F\uDDC5-\uDDC8\uDDCD\uDDDB\uDDDD-\uDDFF\uDE12\uDE38-\uDE3D\uDE3F-\uDE7F\uDE87\uDE89\uDE8E\uDE9E\uDEA9-\uDEAF\uDEEB-\uDEEF\uDEFA-\uDEFF\uDF04\uDF0D\uDF0E\uDF11\uDF12\uDF29\uDF31\uDF34\uDF3A\uDF45\uDF46\uDF49\uDF4A\uDF4E\uDF4F\uDF51-\uDF56\uDF58-\uDF5C\uDF64\uDF65\uDF6D-\uDF6F\uDF75-\uDFFF]|\uD805[\uDC4B-\uDC4F\uDC5A-\uDC5D\uDC62-\uDC7F\uDCC6\uDCC8-\uDCCF\uDCDA-\uDD7F\uDDB6\uDDB7\uDDC1-\uDDD7\uDDDE-\uDDFF\uDE41-\uDE43\uDE45-\uDE4F\uDE5A-\uDE7F\uDEB9-\uDEBF\uDECA-\uDEFF\uDF1B\uDF1C\uDF2C-\uDF2F\uDF3A-\uDFFF]|\uD806[\uDC3B-\uDC9F\uDCEA-\uDCFE\uDD07\uDD08\uDD0A\uDD0B\uDD14\uDD17\uDD36\uDD39\uDD3A\uDD44-\uDD4F\uDD5A-\uDD9F\uDDA8\uDDA9\uDDD8\uDDD9\uDDE2\uDDE5-\uDDFF\uDE3F-\uDE46\uDE48-\uDE4F\uDE9A-\uDE9C\uDE9E-\uDEBF\uDEF9-\uDFFF]|\uD807[\uDC09\uDC37\uDC41-\uDC4F\uDC5A-\uDC71\uDC90\uDC91\uDCA8\uDCB7-\uDCFF\uDD07\uDD0A\uDD37-\uDD39\uDD3B\uDD3E\uDD48-\uDD4F\uDD5A-\uDD5F\uDD66\uDD69\uDD8F\uDD92\uDD99-\uDD9F\uDDAA-\uDEDF\uDEF7-\uDFAF\uDFB1-\uDFFF]|\uD808[\uDF9A-\uDFFF]|\uD809[\uDC6F-\uDC7F\uDD44-\uDFFF]|[\uD80A\uD80B\uD80E-\uD810\uD812-\uD819\uD824-\uD82B\uD82D\uD82E\uD830-\uD833\uD837\uD839\uD83D\uD83F\uD87B-\uD87D\uD87F\uD885-\uDB3F\uDB41-\uDBFF][\uDC00-\uDFFF]|\uD80D[\uDC2F-\uDFFF]|\uD811[\uDE47-\uDFFF]|\uD81A[\uDE39-\uDE3F\uDE5F\uDE6A-\uDECF\uDEEE\uDEEF\uDEF5-\uDEFF\uDF37-\uDF3F\uDF44-\uDF4F\uDF5A-\uDF62\uDF78-\uDF7C\uDF90-\uDFFF]|\uD81B[\uDC00-\uDE3F\uDE80-\uDEFF\uDF4B-\uDF4E\uDF88-\uDF8E\uDFA0-\uDFDF\uDFE2\uDFE5-\uDFEF\uDFF2-\uDFFF]|\uD821[\uDFF8-\uDFFF]|\uD823[\uDCD6-\uDCFF\uDD09-\uDFFF]|\uD82C[\uDD1F-\uDD4F\uDD53-\uDD63\uDD68-\uDD6F\uDEFC-\uDFFF]|\uD82F[\uDC6B-\uDC6F\uDC7D-\uDC7F\uDC89-\uDC8F\uDC9A-\uDC9C\uDC9F-\uDFFF]|\uD834[\uDC00-\uDD64\uDD6A-\uDD6C\uDD73-\uDD7A\uDD83\uDD84\uDD8C-\uDDA9\uDDAE-\uDE41\uDE45-\uDFFF]|\uD835[\uDC55\uDC9D\uDCA0\uDCA1\uDCA3\uDCA4\uDCA7\uDCA8\uDCAD\uDCBA\uDCBC\uDCC4\uDD06\uDD0B\uDD0C\uDD15\uDD1D\uDD3A\uDD3F\uDD45\uDD47-\uDD49\uDD51\uDEA6\uDEA7\uDEC1\uDEDB\uDEFB\uDF15\uDF35\uDF4F\uDF6F\uDF89\uDFA9\uDFC3\uDFCC\uDFCD]|\uD836[\uDC00-\uDDFF\uDE37-\uDE3A\uDE6D-\uDE74\uDE76-\uDE83\uDE85-\uDE9A\uDEA0\uDEB0-\uDFFF]|\uD838[\uDC07\uDC19\uDC1A\uDC22\uDC25\uDC2B-\uDCFF\uDD2D-\uDD2F\uDD3E\uDD3F\uDD4A-\uDD4D\uDD4F-\uDEBF\uDEFA-\uDFFF]|\uD83A[\uDCC5-\uDCCF\uDCD7-\uDCFF\uDD4C-\uDD4F\uDD5A-\uDFFF]|\uD83B[\uDC00-\uDDFF\uDE04\uDE20\uDE23\uDE25\uDE26\uDE28\uDE33\uDE38\uDE3A\uDE3C-\uDE41\uDE43-\uDE46\uDE48\uDE4A\uDE4C\uDE50\uDE53\uDE55\uDE56\uDE58\uDE5A\uDE5C\uDE5E\uDE60\uDE63\uDE65\uDE66\uDE6B\uDE73\uDE78\uDE7D\uDE7F\uDE8A\uDE9C-\uDEA0\uDEA4\uDEAA\uDEBC-\uDFFF]|\uD83C[\uDC00-\uDD2F\uDD4A-\uDD4F\uDD6A-\uDD6F\uDD8A-\uDFFF]|\uD83E[\uDC00-\uDFEF\uDFFA-\uDFFF]|\uD869[\uDEDE-\uDEFF]|\uD86D[\uDF35-\uDF3F]|\uD86E[\uDC1E\uDC1F]|\uD873[\uDEA2-\uDEAF]|\uD87A[\uDFE1-\uDFFF]|\uD87E[\uDE1E-\uDFFF]|\uD884[\uDF4B-\uDFFF]|\uDB40[\uDC00-\uDCFF\uDDF0-\uDFFF]'
    if not maintainCase:
        value = value.lower()
    return re.sub(regex, '', value).replace(' ', '-')

[wooorm]

What you see is two things. There is a part that deals with markdown, and a part that deals with turning something into an identifier. The whitespace stripping is part of markdown, and not the slugging. You can observe it by using character references for initial/final whitespace in markdown

[vadimkantorov]

Also, funnily asd will produce asd, while asd # will still produce asd--, despite the fact that # is removed...

[wooorm]

I don’t quite understand what you mean, who does what where? GitHub turns # asd # into an h1 with text of asd and an id of user-content-asd? That is the markdown behavior I meant above: # asd # -> <h1>asd<h1>. Then the slugging happens: asd -> asd.