Feat: Update partitioning by DATE, DATETIME, TIMESTAMP, _PARTITIONDATE

[chalmerlowe]

This adds some additional functionality to properly handle partitioning of columns with the following datatypes.

• DATE
• TIMESTAMP
• DATETIME
• _PARTITIONDATE

Where appropriate, ensures the following functions can be used with/or without the following TimePartitioningTypes (HOUR, DAY, MONTH, YEAR).

• DATE_TRUNC()
• TIMESTAMP_TRUNC()
• DATETIME_TRUNC()
• DATE()

This is a nearly complete fix for #1072. The table from #1072 is included here: NOTE: This PR does not handle _PARTITIONTIME

Column Data Type	HOUR	DAY	MONTH	YEAR
DATE	N/A	Fixed by https://github.com/googleapis/python-bigquery-sqlalchemy/pull/1057	via DATE_TRUNC	via DATE_TRUNC
DATETIME	Incorrectly implemented via DATE_TRUNC TODO: use  DATETIME_TRUNC	Incorrectly implemented via DATE_TRUNC TODO: use  DATETIME_TRUNC	Incorrectly implemented via DATE_TRUNC TODO: use  DATETIME_TRUNC	Incorrectly implemented via DATE_TRUNC TODO: use  DATETIME_TRUNC
TIMESTAMP	via TIMESTAMP_TRUNC	via TIMESTAMP_TRUNC	via TIMESTAMP_TRUNC	via TIMESTAMP_TRUNC
_PARTITIONDATE	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
_PARTITIONTIME	Not currently implemented TODO: USE TIMESTAMP_TRUNC	Not currently implemented TODO: USE TIMESTAMP_TRUNC	Not currently implemented TODO: USE TIMESTAMP_TRUNC	Not currently implemented TODO: USE TIMESTAMP_TRUNC

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