Introduce `--disable-debuginfo-stripping` option

[zakkak]

Cherry picked commits from https://github.com/graalvm/mandrel-packaging/pull/387 to master

• Introduce --disable-debuginfo-stripping option

  Enables the use of --disable-debuginfo-stripping which was introduced in https://github.com/oracle/graal/pull/7624

  (cherry picked from commit https://github.com/graalvm/mandrel-packaging/commit/ca631429f403c0e6cda1a44bff3775216de36db3)

• [CI] Fetch compatible mx version instead of master

  (cherry picked from commit https://github.com/graalvm/mandrel-packaging/commit/d4b0980841dd8c929105dd64e65d7175779deedf)

[zakkak]

Windows CI failure is https://github.com/graalvm/mandrel-packaging/issues/386

[zakkak]

and 23.1 :)