Twitter_General

[hiroshinagaya]

[Tsubokura]

\bibitem{Kwak10} Kwak, Haewoon, et al. "What is Twitter, a social network or a news media?." Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web. 2010.

Twitter is a social media platform where registered users can create posts containing up to 280 characters and attach images. At the time of this study however, the limit in place was 140 characters, and even now Japanese tweets fall outside the scope of this deregulation. Twitter users can follow each other freely and spread information more broadly compared to Facebook.

[hiroshinagaya]

[Tsubokura]

\bibitem{NewYork09} TheNewYorkTimes. http:\slash\slash bits.blogs.nytimes.com\slash2009\slash07\slash07\slashspammers-shorten-their-urls\slash.

Spam tweets have increased in Twitter as the popularity of Twitter grows as reported in [35]. As spam web page farms undermine the accuracy of PageRank and spam keywords inserted in web pages hinder relevant web page extraction, spam tweets add noise and bias in our analysis. \cite{Kwak10}

[hiroshinagaya]

[Tsubokura]

\bibitem{Logan01} Logan, Robert A. "Science mass communication: Its conceptual history." Science Communication 23.2 (2001): 135-163.

It was common in the past to provide the general public with one-directional information through classical mass media outlets such as newspapers, televisions, and radios

[hiroshinagaya]

[Tsubokura]

\bibitem{Claussen13} Claussen, Julie E., et al. "Science communication in a digital age: Social media and the American Fisheries Society." Fisheries 38.8 (2013): 359-362.

\bibitem{Cann11} Cann, Alan, Konstantia Dimitriou, and Tristram Hooley. "Social media: A guide for researchers." (2011).

Recently social media platforms, such as Twitter and Facebook, have been playing increasingly important roles as media through which to disseminate and receive scientific information

[hiroshinagaya]

[Tsubokura]

\bibitem{Westerman14} Westerman, David, Patric R. Spence, and Brandon Van Der Heide. "Social media as information source: Recency of updates and credibility of information." Journal of computer-mediated communication 19.2 (2014): 171-183.

In fact, it is estimated that approximately 60% of the general public rely on social media as a source for scientific information

[hiroshinagaya]

[Tsubokura]

\bibitem{Wilcox12} Wilcox C. Guest editorial: it’s time to e-volve: taking responsibility for science communication in a digital age. Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Massachusetts; 2012.

Social media platforms enable real-time communication with rapid propagation over a wide demography

[hiroshinagaya]

[Tsubokura]

\bibitem{Thomson12} Thomson, Robert, et al. "Trusting tweets: The Fukushima disaster and information source credibility on Twitter." Proceedings of the 9th International ISCRAM Conference. Vancouver: Simon Fraser University, 2012.

\bibitem{Tanaka} Tanaka, Yuko, Yasuaki Sakamoto, and Hidehito Honda. "The impact of posting URLs in disaster-related tweets on rumor spreading behavior." 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, 2014.

In regard to scientific communication however, there are several drawbacks to using social media. In particular, there is concern about the spread of scientifically inappropriate or inaccurate information through erroneous rumors or hoaxes during times of natural or other disasters

[hiroshinagaya]

[Tsubokura]

\bibitem{Zikmund-Fisher12} Zikmund-Fisher, Brian J., Mark Dickson, and Holly O. Witteman. "Cool but counterproductive: interactive, Web-based risk communications can backfire." Journal of medical Internet research 13.3 (2011): e60.

For example, there were prior incidences of inappropriate scientific information regarding vaccine efficacy and cancer treatments being disseminated through social media

[hiroshinagaya]

[Tsubokura]

\bibitem{Suh10} Suh, Bongwon, et al. "Want to be retweeted? large scale analytics on factors impacting retweet in twitter network." 2010 IEEE Second International Conference on Social Computing. IEEE, 2010.

On Twitter, the relationship between users who are followers and those who are being followed forms a social network, and retweeting or replying to another user’s tweet is the way to distribute and propagate information. Retweeting is the act of spreading information to one’s followers by quoting verbatim the tweet of other users

[hiroshinagaya]

[Tsubokura]

\bibitem{Athanasia} Athanasia, Ntalla, and Ponis T. Stavros. "Twitter as an instrument for crisis response: The Typhoon Haiyan case study." The 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. 2015.

The advantage of Twitter is that it allows direct communication between people who are too far away socially as well as physically in everyday life. Especially, at the time of a social phenomenon, such as a disaster that attracts public attention, related tweets rapidly increase

[hiroshinagaya]

[Tsubokura]

\bibitem{Houston15} Houston, J. Brian, et al. "Social media and disasters: a functional framework for social media use in disaster planning, response, and research." Disasters 39.1 (2015): 1-22.

\bibitem{Kogan15} Kogan, Marina, Leysia Palen, and Kenneth M. Anderson. "Think local, retweet global: Retweeting by the geographically-vulnerable during Hurricane Sandy." Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work & social computing. 2015.

As such, Twitter is regarded as a very useful social media tool to obtain necessary information, spread information, and ask for help in case of a disaster

-> Despite Twitter being a platform that plays a key in the exchange of current information, there are limited reports that focus on how scientific information diffuses, and how Twitter is useful for scientific communication within the first few months after a disaster. by [Tsubokura]

[hiroshinagaya]

[Tsubokura]

\bibitem{Wilensky14} Wilensky, Hiroko. "Twitter as a navigator for stranded commuters during the great east Japan earthquake." ISCRAM. 2014.

\bibitem{Toriumi13} Toriumi, Fujio, et al. "Information sharing on Twitter during the 2011 catastrophic earthquake." Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web. 2013.

\bibitem{Sakaki13} Sakaki, Takeshi, et al. "Regional analysis of user interactions on social media in times of disaster." Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web. 2013.

\bibitem{Ng12} Ng, Kwan-Hoong, and Mei-Li Lean. "The Fukushima nuclear crisis reemphasizes the need for improved risk communication and better use of social media." Health physics 103.3 (2012): 307-310.

Social media, in particular Twitter, was actively used for both direct communication and for transmission and exchange of scientific information at the time of the earthquake

[hiroshinagaya]

[Tsubokura]

\bibitem{Kaigo12} Kaigo, Muneo. "Social media usage during disasters and social capital: Twitter and the Great East Japan earthquake." Keio Communication Review 34.1 (2012): 19-35.

\bibitem{Acar12} Acar, Adam, and Yuya Muraki. "Twitter for crisis communication: lessons learned from Japan's tsunami disaster." International Journal of Web Based Communities 7.3 (2011): 392-402.

especially in the affected areas. However, many reports on the subject have only described the phase immediately after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident including evacuation and logistics, and there is insufficient information on how Twitter was used for scientific communication of radiation-related issues. Assessing how Twitter was used after the radiation accident is very useful in order to clarify how social media is used in the world of scientific communication.

[hiroshinagaya]

鳥海 不二夫 氏　FRONTEO AI Innovation Forum 2020 https://vimeo.com/472907014/966f5225aa