may be an issue w/ the data (They display fine on the default osm.org layer)... or with using an older version of osm2pgsql;
next steps:
verify in josm that these geometries are not broken and tagged properly; if they are:
rebuild HDM-CartoCSS on a test machine using a newer version of osm2pgsql
Investigate why https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/253831 and Lake Huron are not displaying on the tile layer...
may be an issue w/ the data (They display fine on the default osm.org layer)... or with using an older version of osm2pgsql;
next steps:
verify in josm that these geometries are not broken and tagged properly; if they are: rebuild HDM-CartoCSS on a test machine using a newer version of osm2pgsql