Cache container image layers using GitHub's cache API in CI workflow

[make-github-pseudonymous-again]

Fixes #850.

[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests :white_check_mark:

Project coverage is 66.63%. Comparing base (3d24fdc) to head (71bc5fb).

Additional details and impacted files

```diff @@ Coverage Diff @@ ## main #866 +/- ## ========================================== - Coverage 66.64% 66.63% -0.02% ========================================== Files 703 703 Lines 9705 9705 Branches 1335 1335 ========================================== - Hits 6468 6467 -1 Misses 2744 2744 - Partials 493 494 +1 ``` | [Flag](https://app.codecov.io/gh/infoderm/patients/pull/866/flags?src=pr&el=flags&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=infoderm) | Coverage Δ | | |---|---|---| | [test](https://app.codecov.io/gh/infoderm/patients/pull/866/flags?src=pr&el=flag&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=infoderm) | `69.76% <ø> (-0.02%)` | :arrow_down: | | [test-app](https://app.codecov.io/gh/infoderm/patients/pull/866/flags?src=pr&el=flag&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=infoderm) | `56.32% <ø> (+0.01%)` | :arrow_up: | Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. [Click here](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/carryforward-flags?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=infoderm#carryforward-flags-in-the-pull-request-comment) to find out more.

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[make-github-pseudonymous-again]

Getting the following error:

ERROR: Cache export is not supported for the docker driver.
Switch to a different driver, or turn on the containerd image store, and try again.
Learn more at https://docs.docker.com/go/build-cache-backends/
Error: buildx failed with: Learn more at https://docs.docker.com/go/build-cache-backends/