Use consistent and descriptive identifiers and names.
Make judicious use of white space and indentation to make code easier to read.
Store ISO 8601 compliant time and date information (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS.SSSSS).
Try to only use standard SQL functions instead of vendor-specific functions for reasons of portability.
Keep code succinct and devoid of redundant SQL—such as unnecessary quoting or parentheses or WHERE clauses that can otherwise be derived.
Include comments in SQL code where necessary. Use the C style opening / and closing / where possible otherwise precede comments with -- and finish them with a new line.
SELECT file_hash -- stored ssdeep hash
FROM file_system
WHERE file_name = '.vimrc';
/* Updating the file record after writing to the file */
UPDATE file_system
SET file_modified_date = '1980-02-22 13:19:01.00000',
file_size = 209732
WHERE file_name = '.vimrc';
Avoid
camelCase—it is difficult to scan quickly.
Descriptive prefixes or Hungarian notation such as sp_ or tbl.
Plurals—use the more natural collective term where possible instead. For example staff instead of employees or people instead of individuals.
Quoted identifiers—if you must use them then stick to SQL-92 double quotes for portability (you may need to configure your SQL server to support this depending on vendor).
Object-oriented design principles should not be applied to SQL or database structures.
Naming conventions
General
Ensure the name is unique and does not exist as a reserved keyword.
Keep the length to a maximum of 30 bytes—in practice this is 30 characters unless you are using a multi-byte character set.
Names must begin with a letter and may not end with an underscore.
Only use letters, numbers and underscores in names.
Avoid the use of multiple consecutive underscores—these can be hard to read.
Use underscores where you would naturally include a space in the name (first name becomes first_name).
Avoid abbreviations and if you have to use them make sure they are commonly understood.
SELECT first_name
FROM staff;
Tables
Use a collective name or, less ideally, a plural form. For example (in order of preference) staff and employees.
Do not prefix with tbl or any other such descriptive prefix or Hungarian notation.
Never give a table the same name as one of its columns and vice versa.
Avoid, where possible, concatenating two table names together to create the name of a relationship table. Rather than cars_mechanics prefer services.
Columns
Always use the singular name.
Where possible avoid simply using id as the primary identifier for the table.
Do not add a column with the same name as its table and vice versa.
Always use lowercase except where it may make sense not to such as proper nouns.
Aliasing or correlations
Should relate in some way to the object or expression they are aliasing.
As a rule of thumb the correlation name should be the first letter of each word in the object's name.
If there is already a correlation with the same name then append a number.
Always include the AS keyword—makes it easier to read as it is explicit.
For computed data (SUM() or AVG()) use the name you would give it were it a column defined in the schema.
SELECT first_name AS fn
FROM staff AS s1
JOIN students AS s2
ON s2.mentor_id = s1.staff_num;
SELECT SUM(s.monitor_tally) AS monitor_total
FROM staff AS s;
Stored procedures
The name must contain a verb.
Do not prefix with sp_ or any other such descriptive prefix or Hungarian notation.
Uniform suffixes
The following suffixes have a universal meaning ensuring the columns can be read and understood easily from SQL code. Use the correct suffix where appropriate.
_id—a unique identifier such as a column that is a primary key.
_status—flag value or some other status of any type such as publication_status.
_total—the total or sum of a collection of values.
_num—denotes the field contains any kind of number.
_name—signifies a name such as first_name.
_seq—contains a contiguous sequence of values.
_date—denotes a column that contains the date of something.
_tally—a count.
_size—the size of something such as a file size or clothing.
_addr—an address for the record could be physical or intangible such as ip_addr.
Query syntax
Reserved words
Always use uppercase for the reserved keywords like SELECT and WHERE.
It is best to avoid the abbreviated keywords and use the full length ones where available (prefer ABSOLUTE to ABS).
Do not use database server specific keywords where an ANSI SQL keyword already exists performing the same function. This helps to make the code more portable.
SELECT model_num
FROM phones AS p
WHERE p.release_date > '2014-09-30';
White space
To make the code easier to read it is important that the correct complement of spacing is used. Do not crowd code or remove natural language spaces.
Spaces
Spaces should be used to line up the code so that the root keywords all end on the same character boundary. This forms a river down the middle making it easy for the readers eye to scan over the code and separate the keywords from the implementation detail.
(SELECT f.species_name,
AVG(f.height) AS average_height, AVG(f.diameter) AS average_diameter
FROM flora AS f
WHERE f.species_name = 'Banksia'
OR f.species_name = 'Sheoak'
OR f.species_name = 'Wattle'
GROUP BY f.species_name, f.observation_date)
UNION ALL
(SELECT b.species_name,
AVG(b.height) AS average_height, AVG(b.diameter) AS average_diameter
FROM botanic_garden_flora AS b
WHERE b.species_name = 'Banksia'
OR b.species_name = 'Sheoak'
OR b.species_name = 'Wattle'
GROUP BY b.species_name, b.observation_date);
Line spacing
Always include newlines/vertical space:
before AND or OR
after semicolons to separate queries for easier reading
after each keyword definition
after a comma when separating multiple columns into logical groups
to separate code into related sections, which helps to ease the readability of large chunks of code.
INSERT INTO albums (title, release_date, recording_date)
VALUES ('Charcoal Lane', '1990-01-01 01:01:01.00000', '1990-01-01 01:01:01.00000'),
('The New Danger', '2008-01-01 01:01:01.00000', '1990-01-01 01:01:01.00000');
UPDATE albums
SET release_date = '1990-01-01 01:01:01.00000'
WHERE title = 'The New Danger';
SELECT a.title,
a.release_date, a.recording_date, a.production_date -- grouped dates together
FROM albums AS a
WHERE a.title = 'Charcoal Lane'
OR a.title = 'The New Danger';
Indentation
To ensure that SQL is readable it is important that standards of indentation are followed.
Joins
Joins should be indented to the other side of the river and grouped with a new line where necessary.
SELECT r.last_name
FROM riders AS r
INNER JOIN bikes AS b
ON r.bike_vin_num = b.vin_num
AND b.engine_tally > 2
INNER JOIN crew AS c
ON r.crew_chief_last_name = c.last_name
AND c.chief = 'Y';
The exception to this is when using just the JOIN keyword where it should be before the river.
SELECT r.last_name
FROM riders AS r
JOIN bikes AS b
ON r.bike_vin_num = b.vin_num
Subqueries
Subqueries should also be aligned to the right side of the river and then laid out using the same style as any other query. Sometimes it will make sense to have the closing parenthesis on a new line at the same character position as its opening partner—this is especially true where you have nested subqueries.
SELECT r.last_name,
(SELECT MAX(YEAR(championship_date))
FROM champions AS c
WHERE c.last_name = r.last_name
AND c.confirmed = 'Y') AS last_championship_year
FROM riders AS r
WHERE r.last_name IN
(SELECT c.last_name
FROM champions AS c
WHERE YEAR(championship_date) > '2008'
AND c.confirmed = 'Y');
Preferred formalisms
Make use of BETWEEN where possible instead of combining multiple statements with AND.
Similarly use IN() instead of multiple OR clauses.
Where a value needs to be interpreted before leaving the database use the CASE expression. CASE statements can be nested to form more complex logical structures.
Avoid the use of UNION clauses and temporary tables where possible. If the schema can be optimised to remove the reliance on these features then it most likely should be.
SELECT CASE postcode
WHEN 'BN1' THEN 'Brighton'
WHEN 'EH1' THEN 'Edinburgh'
END AS city
FROM office_locations
WHERE country = 'United Kingdom'
AND opening_time BETWEEN 8 AND 9
AND postcode IN ('EH1', 'BN1', 'NN1', 'KW1');
Create syntax
When declaring schema information it is also important to maintain human-readable code. To facilitate this ensure that the column definitions are ordered and grouped together where it makes sense to do so.
Indent column definitions by four (4) spaces within the CREATE definition.
Choosing data types
Where possible do not use vendor-specific data types—these are not portable and may not be available in older versions of the same vendor's software.
Only use REAL or FLOAT types where it is strictly necessary for floating point mathematics otherwise prefer NUMERIC and DECIMAL at all times. Floating point rounding errors are a nuisance!
Specifying default values
The default value must be the same type as the column—if a column is declared a DECIMAL do not provide an INTEGER default value.
Default values must follow the data type declaration and come before any NOT NULL statement.
Constraints and keys
Constraints and their subset, keys, are a very important component of any database definition. They can quickly become very difficult to read and reason about though so it is important that a standard set of guidelines are followed.
Choosing keys
The key should be unique to some degree.
Consistency in terms of data type for the value across the schema and a lower likelihood of this changing in the future.
Can the value be validated against a standard format (such as one published by ISO)? Encouraging conformity to point 2.
Keeping the key as simple as possible whilst not being scared to use compound keys where necessary.
Defining constraints
Tables must have at least one key to be complete and useful.
Constraints should be given a custom name excepting UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY and FOREIGN KEY where the database vendor will generally supply sufficiently intelligible names automatically.
Layout and order
Specify the primary key first right after the CREATE TABLE statement.
Constraints should be defined directly beneath the column they correspond to. Indent the constraint so that it aligns to the right of the column name.
If it is a multi-column constraint then consider putting it as close to both column definitions as possible and where this is difficult as a last resort include them at the end of the CREATE TABLE definition.
If it is a table-level constraint that applies to the entire table then it should also appear at the end.
Use alphabetical order where ON DELETE comes before ON UPDATE.
If it make senses to do so align each aspect of the query on the same character position. For example all NOT NULL definitions could start at the same character position. This is not hard and fast, but it certainly makes the code much easier to scan and read.
Validation
Use LIKE and SIMILAR TO constraints to ensure the integrity of strings where the format is known.
Where the ultimate range of a numerical value is known it must be written as a range CHECK() to prevent incorrect values entering the database or the silent truncation of data too large to fit the column definition. In the least it should check that the value is greater than zero in most cases.
CHECK() constraints should be kept in separate clauses to ease debugging.
Example:
CREATE TABLE staff (
PRIMARY KEY (staff_num),
staff_num INT(5) NOT NULL,
first_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
pens_in_drawer INT(2) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pens_in_drawer_range
CHECK(pens_in_drawer BETWEEN 1 AND 99)
);
Designs to avoid
Object-oriented design principles do not effectively translate to relational database designs—avoid this pitfall.
Placing the value in one column and the units in another column. The column should make the units self-evident to prevent the requirement to combine columns again later in the application. Use CHECK() to ensure valid data is inserted into the column.
Entity–Attribute–Value (EAV) tables—use a specialist product intended for handling such schema-less data instead.
Splitting up data that should be in one table across many tables because of arbitrary concerns such as time-based archiving or location in a multinational organisation. Later queries must then work across multiple tables with UNION rather than just simply querying one table.
Appendix
Reserved keyword reference
A list of ANSI SQL (92, 99 and 2003), MySQL 3 to 5.x, PostgreSQL 8.1, MS SQL Server 2000, MS ODBC and Oracle 10.2 reserved keywords.
Column data types
These are some suggested column data types to use for maximum compatibility between database engines.
ShellLM
commented
2 hours ago
SQL Style Guide
by Simon Holywell · @Treffynnon
Overview
General
Do
Avoid
Naming conventions
General
Tables
Columns
Aliasing or correlations
Stored procedures
Uniform suffixes
The following suffixes have a universal meaning ensuring the columns can be read and understood easily from SQL code. Use the correct suffix where appropriate.
_id—a unique identifier such as a column that is a primary key._status—flag value or some other status of any type such as publication_status._total—the total or sum of a collection of values._num—denotes the field contains any kind of number._name—signifies a name such as first_name._seq—contains a contiguous sequence of values._date—denotes a column that contains the date of something._tally—a count._size—the size of something such as a file size or clothing._addr—an address for the record could be physical or intangible such as ip_addr.Query syntax
Reserved words
White space
To make the code easier to read it is important that the correct complement of spacing is used. Do not crowd code or remove natural language spaces.
Spaces
Line spacing
Indentation
To ensure that SQL is readable it is important that standards of indentation are followed.
Joins
Subqueries
Preferred formalisms
Create syntax
When declaring schema information it is also important to maintain human-readable code. To facilitate this ensure that the column definitions are ordered and grouped together where it makes sense to do so.
Indent column definitions by four (4) spaces within the CREATE definition.
Choosing data types
Specifying default values
Constraints and keys
Constraints and their subset, keys, are a very important component of any database definition. They can quickly become very difficult to read and reason about though so it is important that a standard set of guidelines are followed.
Choosing keys
Defining constraints
Layout and order
Validation
Example:
Designs to avoid
Appendix
Reserved keyword reference
A list of ANSI SQL (92, 99 and 2003), MySQL 3 to 5.x, PostgreSQL 8.1, MS SQL Server 2000, MS ODBC and Oracle 10.2 reserved keywords.
Column data types
These are some suggested column data types to use for maximum compatibility between database engines.
Character types:
Numeric types: Exact numeric types:
Approximate numeric types:
Datetime types:
Binary types:
Additional types:
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