feat: switch from Temurin base images to Temurin installer

[lemeurherve]

This PR switches from Temurin base images to the Temurin installer.

Benefits:

• Less layers to pull
• Faster availability as we don't need to wait for every kind of images (OS/architecture) to be released
• Simpler updatecli manifests (to be adapted in a follow-up pull request)

Notes:

• Reuse the jdk-download scripts introduced in https://github.com/jenkinsci/docker/pull/1847
• The JDK21 preview build failed with the jdk download scripts, kept as is since it's already a bit different than the other Linux Dockerfiles.
• For Windows images:
  • Using the happy path of api.adoptium.net, retrieving the MSI installer from jdk version only (retrieving it from the GitHub releases requires the use of several variation of the jdk version)
  • Using a Windows Server Core jdk-core base image for the nanoserver image: we can't use a nanoserver one as we need to retrieve some files from a Windows Server Core anyway.
  • Deliberately not including jlink in this pull request for Windows images as there is currently nothing in the repo capable of testing it properly (https://github.com/jenkinsci/docker-agent/issues/788)

Ref:

• https://github.com/jenkins-infra/helpdesk/issues/4029#issuecomment-2045073813

Testing done

Local builds + CI

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