See chapter 12 of Borenstein et al (2009) on random effects meta analysis
In essence variation in observed effect sizes is partitioned into variation expected based on sampling error and remaining variation. The remaining variation is an estimate of true score variation.
See the examples of a random effects meta-analysis tools:
In essence variation in observed effect sizes is partitioned into variation expected based on sampling error and remaining variation. The remaining variation is an estimate of true score variation.