Longitudinal data analysis

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The primary goal of a longitudinal study is to characterise the change in response over time and the factors that influence change. [fitzmaurice2012applied]

Clustered data can arise from random sampling of naturally occurring groups in the population. Families, households, hospital wards, medical practices, neighborhoods, and schools are all instances of naturally occurring clusters in the population that might be the primary sampling units in a study. [fitzmaurice2012applied]

• Diff between “time series analysis” and “longitudinal data analysis”

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• Fitzmaurice, G. M., Laird, N. M., & Ware, J. H. (2012). Applied longitudinal analysis (Vol. 998). John Wiley & Sons.

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Multilevel Models

The examples described above consider only a single level of clustering, for ex- ample, repeated measurements on individuals. More recently investigators have developed methodology for the analysis of multilevel data, in which observations may be clustered at more than one level. For example, the data may consist of repeated measurements on patients clustered by clinic. [fitzmaurice2012applied]

• Multilevel modeling for repeated measures, wikipedia