jtmiller28
commented
1 year ago Another thought....Can we test the hypothesis in different precipitation synchronies aligning between particular specialist bees and their pollinated annuals?
Open jtmiller28 opened 1 year ago
jtmiller28
commented
1 year ago Another thought....Can we test the hypothesis in different precipitation synchronies aligning between particular specialist bees and their pollinated annuals?
Thinking about lifecycles for bees has me interested in measuring diapause among the ecoregions. Its postulated that there are key lifecycles centered around phylogenetic history and a tight relationship with flower phenology.
Univoltine: A prepupal diapause, "ground plan for bees", is where the most of the year is spent in the last instar phase of overwintering larvae, emergence and adulthood occurs sometime in the early spring and lasts till early summer (proposed as Late March to mid-June) *Authors describe this characteristic of one species Calliopsis pugionis which reides in coastal sage scrub habitats of southern California
Univoltine - multivoltine: An Adult Diapause, Adults will overwinter from early fall till emergence in early spring (March/April), timing of the emergence is dependent on temperature and can vary widely year to year !This is interesting!
And a variant with nuance: parsivoltinism - bet hedging, observed in some species of Osmia( O. iridis, O. montana, O. californica) Some subset of the larvae remain as prepupae throughout their first winter, mult into adulthood for a second year of overwintering in a cocoon. May be unique to Megachilidae
Univoltine - Adult Diapause: Adults overwinter as a group, a bit self explanatory.
Uni or Multi - voltine : Late summer mating with overwintering - Exhibited by the Halactids, only fertilized adult females will overwinter (ex. Bumble Bees), variant exists in what are known as "lazy foragers", female bees end up overwintering a second year, assumed to be an adaptation for producing offspring in a cold-temperature habitat. This is also a topic in the evolution of sociality, since Halactids have aquired the trait of sociality independently in many lineages, its possible that a predisposition for adult overwintering allows for sociality in the first place?
Partially bivoltine : prepupal diapause - A lifehistory strategy of having on generation of offspring that can be fated to either emerge immediately OR enter prepupal diapause to emerge the following year. Second generation has been recorded to have very low reproductive success, especially if host-plant flowering deminishes (there is no source for extrapolating this claim to a large scale, would be cool to test!). If there is enough resources (flowers) however this second generation is capable of producing a second brood of offspring within the same season, these larvae will then enter diapause and emerge the following year invariably. Examples of this group: apid tribe Emphorini including Diadasia, Ptilothrix) . Concrete study done with Diadasia rinconis
Bivoltine: Two discrete emergences that track two flowering periods early-spring and late-simmer/early fall that are thought to be triggered by winter and late-summer rainfall periods respectively.
Also refer to Shin 1967 for information about persistence of a bee through a year(?)
Lots of questions here! Can we link diapause stategy to ecoregions? That is to say, does the enviroment have some effect on diapause strategy? I think it would be even more interesting to consider whether the present flora within the ecoregion have a significant effect on diapause strategy, if there is a high number of desert flora that bloom early spring does that effect the overall strategy in the region?
Bet Hedging, possibly a strategy in highly variable flora phenology enviroment. Thinking about lifecycles for bees has me interested in measuring diapause among the ecoregions. Its postulated that there are key lifecycles centered around phylogenetic history and a tight relationship with flower phenology.
Univoltine: A prepupal diapause, "ground plan for bees", is where the most of the year is spent in the last instar phase of overwintering larvae, emergence and adulthood occurs sometime in the early spring and lasts till early summer (proposed as Late March to mid-June) *Authors describe this characteristic of one species Calliopsis pugionis which reides in coastal sage scrub habitats of southern California
Univoltine - multivoltine: An Adult Diapause, Adults will overwinter from early fall till emergence in early spring (March/April), timing of the emergence is dependent on temperature and can vary widely year to year !This is interesting!
And a variant with nuance: parsivoltinism - bet hedging, observed in some species of Osmia( O. iridis, O. montana, O. californica) Some subset of the larvae remain as prepupae throughout their first winter, mult into adulthood for a second year of overwintering in a cocoon. May be unique to Megachilidae
Univoltine - Adult Diapause: Adults overwinter as a group, a bit self explanatory.
Uni or Multi - voltine : Late summer mating with overwintering - Exhibited by the Halactids, only fertilized adult females will overwinter (ex. Bumble Bees), variant exists in what are known as "lazy foragers", female bees end up overwintering a second year, assumed to be an adaptation for producing offspring in a cold-temperature habitat. This is also a topic in the evolution of sociality, since Halactids have aquired the trait of sociality independently in many lineages, its possible that a predisposition for adult overwintering allows for sociality in the first place?
Partially bivoltine : prepupal diapause - A lifehistory strategy of having on generation of offspring that can be fated to either emerge immediately OR enter prepupal diapause to emerge the following year. Second generation has been recorded to have very low reproductive success, especially if host-plant flowering deminishes (there is no source for extrapolating this claim to a large scale, would be cool to test!). If there is enough resources (flowers) however this second generation is capable of producing a second brood of offspring within the same season, these larvae will then enter diapause and emerge the following year invariably. Examples of this group: apid tribe Emphorini including Diadasia, Ptilothrix) . Concrete study done with Diadasia rinconis
Also refer to Shin 1967 for information about persistence of a bee through a year(?)
Lots of questions here! Can we link diapause stategy to ecoregions? That is to say, does the enviroment have some effect on diapause strategy? I think it would be even more interesting to consider whether the present flora within the ecoregion have a significant effect on diapause strategy, if there is a high number of desert flora that bloom early spring does that effect the overall strategy in the region?
* Bet Hedging, possibly a strategy in highly variable flora phenology enviroments, Currently thought is that bees are tracking rainfall like flowers in order to do this?
Also, can we tackle this question of diapause strategy phylogenetically? Mellitidae is thought to be the basal group of bees, and are narrow specialist pollinators for angiosperms. Danforth et al. 2019 suggests that looking at this group may be a good proxy for assessing the "ground plan" of bees, and brings up a case of Melitta leporina exhibiting Univoltine prepupal diapause. It should also be noted that Oligolecty is thought to be the ancestral trait phylogenetically. Could be interesting to test whether the Mellitidae exhibit this ground plan on a larger species scale!
Concerning the adult diapause strategy emergence can vary widely dependent on temperature...thats very interesting! Does that mean they are not narrow host plant specialist since they don't track with flowering? If they are generalist this makes sense, if they are not this could suggest a phenological mismatch. Example genus we can look at is Osmia. ts? **
Also, can we tackle this question of diapause strategy phylogenetically? Mellitidae is thought to be the basal group of bees, and are narrow specialist pollinators for angiosperms. Danforth et al. 2019 suggests that looking at this group may be a good proxy for assessing the "ground plan" of bees, and brings up a case of Melitta leporina exhibiting Univoltine prepupal diapause. It should also be noted that Oligolecty is thought to be the ancestral trait phylogenetically. Could be interesting to test whether the Mellitidae exhibit this ground plan on a larger species scale!
Concerning the adult diapause strategy emergence can vary widely dependent on temperature...thats very interesting! Does that mean they are not narrow host plant specialist since they don't track with flowering? If they are generalist this makes sense, if they are not this could suggest a phenological mismatch. Example genus we can look at is Osmia.