[python]: Update sphinx requirement from ~=7.0 to ~=8.0

[dependabot[bot]]

Updates the requirements on sphinx to permit the latest version.

Release notes

Sourced from sphinx's releases.

Sphinx 8.0.2

Changelog: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/changes.html

Changelog

Sourced from sphinx's changelog.

Release 8.0.2 (released Jul 30, 2024)

Bugs fixed

• Fix the pygments.Formatter.__class_getitem__ patch. Patch by Adam Turner.

Release 8.0.1 (released Jul 30, 2024)

Bugs fixed

• Patch pygments.Formatter.__class_getitem__ in Pygments 2.17. Patch by Adam Turner.

Release 8.0.0 (released Jul 29, 2024)

Dependencies

• #12633: Drop Python 3.9 support.

Incompatible changes

.. rst-class:: compact

• Remove deprecated functions from sphinx.util:

  • Removed sphinx.util.path_stabilize (use sphinx.util.osutil.path_stabilize).
  • Removed sphinx.util.display_chunk (use sphinx.util.display.display_chunk).
  • Removed sphinx.util.status_iterator (use sphinx.util.display.status_iterator).
  • Removed sphinx.util.SkipProgressMessage (use sphinx.util.display.SkipProgressMessage).
  • Removed sphinx.util.progress_message (use sphinx.util.display.progress_message).
  • Removed sphinx.util.epoch_to_rfc1123 (use sphinx.http_date.epoch_to_rfc1123).
  • Removed sphinx.util.rfc1123_to_epoch (use sphinx.http_date.rfc1123_to_epoch).
  • Removed sphinx.util.save_traceback (use sphinx.exceptions.save_traceback).
  • Removed sphinx.util.format_exception_cut_frames

... (truncated)

Commits

• 043750e Bump to 8.0.2 final
• cee9efc Use classmethod for a class method
• 16fed35 Bump version
• d9bda77 Bump to 8.0.1 final
• 006a6a7 Fix Flake8
• d0915ab Fix mypy
• 865b513 Patch pygments.Formatter.__class_getitem__ in Pygments 2.17
• f1d3c3f Bump version
• 0e8a638 Bump to 8.0.0 final
• 5750d0e [bot]: Update message catalogues (#12641)
• Additional commits viewable in compare view

Most Recent Ignore Conditions Applied to This Pull Request

| Dependency Name | Ignore Conditions | | --- | --- | | sphinx | [< 8, > 7.0] |

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[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests :white_check_mark:

Project coverage is 97.24%. Comparing base (f0ccecf) to head (0a76ff3). Report is 1 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

```diff @@ Coverage Diff @@ ## master #17 +/- ## ======================================= Coverage 97.24% 97.24% ======================================= Files 7 7 Lines 363 363 Branches 100 100 ======================================= Hits 353 353 Misses 5 5 Partials 5 5 ```

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[jwodder]

@dependabot Rebase.

[dependabot[bot]]

Looks like sphinx is no longer updatable, so this is no longer needed.