dbus-send --session --dest=org.kde.plasmashell --type=method_call /PlasmaShell org.kde.PlasmaShell.evaluateScript 'string:
var Desktops = desktops();
for (i=0;i<Desktops.length;i++) {
d = Desktops[i];
d.wallpaperPlugin = "org.kde.image";
d.currentConfigGroup = Array("Wallpaper",
"org.kde.image",
"General");
d.writeConfig("Image", "file:///PATH/TO/IMAGE.png");
}'
Explains it further:
KDE actually stores the wallpaper in ~/.config/plasma-org.kde.plasma.desktop-appletsrc. One can change the value in it, but it will not actually change the wallpaper until Plasma is reloaded. Using the scripting method, writeConfig() saves the configuration and silently reloads Plasma's desktop.
On starting up Nitrogen I get the following on Antergos Linux + KDE Plasma 5.11.5 X11 session:
The issue is that when I apply a wallpaper nothing happens. If I log out I can see the wallpaper set by nitrogen for just a moment.
If it is any help (or related at all) here is a description from a deleted reddit user to change wallpapers in the plasma desktop. Copied here:
Explains it further: