[1.x] Install "mariadb-client" package for MariaDB users

[staudenmeir]

This PR is related to https://github.com/laravel/framework/pull/51355: We need to switch the MariaDB's driver dump binary from mysqldump to mariadb-dump at some point as MariaDB will remove its support for mysqldump. The issue is that Sail doesn't support mariadb-dump yet.

I looked into using the dump binaries from the actual mysql/mariadb containers, but that's a nightmare.

Instead, my suggestion is to install the mariadb-client package instead of mysql-client in the app container when the MariaDB service is requested. This package provides the necessary mariadb-dump binary.

As discussed with @driesvints in the other PR, we should only switch to mariadb-dump in Laravel 12 and this PR prepares Sail for that switch. I only adjusted the Dockerfile for PHP 8.3 as I assumed that Laravel 12 will drop support for PHP 8.2.

I don't see any breaking changes for Sail users:

• With the default value MYSQL_CLIENT="mysql-client", nothing changes for existing users after updating to the latest version.
• For Sail users that set up a MariaDB app after this PR is released, the dump command will continue working since the mariadb-client package creates a symlink mysqldump -> mariadb-dump.

@driesvints What do you think about this approach?

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[driesvints]

I like this approach @staudenmeir, nice work!