When describing how bad a tumour is, what two features must be identified? Briefly explain them Grade - how differentiated is the tumour (nucleus:cytoplasmic ratio; mitosis; nucleopolymorphism etc Stage - using TNM Cancer Oncology POM Y1
When describing how bad a tumour is, we must include the Grade and Stage.
Describe the TNM method of describing the Stage of a Tumour T - Tumour (0-3: how big and how far it has spread) N - Nodes (how many lymph nodes are involved) M - Metastases (how far has it spread) Cancer Oncology POM Y1
"What is meant by the term ""tumour""?" Any kind of mass forming lesion Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Tumours can metastasise in 5 ways, one of which is via lymphatics. What type of cancer tends to metastasise first via the lymphatics most epithelial cancers Cancer Oncology POM Y1
What is meant by a Carcinoma Sarcoma Teratoma Lymphoma Melanoma Carcinoma - malignant tumour of epithelial tissue Sarcoma - malignant tumour of soft tissue Teratoma - tumour derived from all 3 germ cell layers Lymphoma - malignant tumour of lymphocytes Melanoma - skin tumour Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Tumours can metastasise via direct extension This includes fibroblastic proliferaiton, angiogenesis and an immune response. These are all as a result of what kind of response to the tumour stromal response Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Tumours can metastasise in 5 ways, one of which is haematogenous What type of cancer tends to metastasise first haematogenously Most sarcomas Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Benign tumours are typically easy to deal with as they do not spread. What characteristic of a benign tumour might cause it to be deadly? It's location e.g. benign tumour of the brain pressing on vital structures Cancer Oncology POM Y1
There are 4 categories under which we can distinguish between benign and malignant tumours. Name them Invasion Metastasis Differentiation Growth Pattern Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Neoplasms are one type of tumour. Naming of neoplasms is important. What is the primary description What is the secondary description Primary - cell origin Secondary - whether it is benign or malignant Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Neoplasms are one of three types of tumour. State and briefly describe the two types of neoplasm Benign - remains localised Malignant - has invaded/has the potential to invade other tissues locally or at different sites Cancer Oncology POM Y1
"Neoplasia is one of three types of tumour What is meant by a ""neoplasm""?" The autonomous growth of tissue which have escaped normal constraints on cell proliferation Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Name a type of malignant cancer which will rarely cause cell death Basal cell carcinoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Many scientists view the progression of cancer as a microevolutionary process.
What occurs at the cellular level, which allows the spreading of cancer cells to other tissues and organs (metastasis)? Adhesion of these cancer cells breaks down, so they are able to travel easily to new locations Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Malignant tumours are tumours which have spread or have the ability to spread
Describe the methods by which tumours can spread (5) Direct extension - occurs due to stromal response to the tumour (fibroblastic proliferation,angiogenesis,immune response) Haematogenous - via blood vessels (generally in sarcomas) Lymphatic - via lymphatics to lymph nodes Transcoelomic - via body cavities where there is no resistance e.g. pleural cavities Perineural - via nerves. Wherever the nerve goes, the tumour goes Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Invasive cancer cells, ones that metastasise, are able to create new passageways in tissues. What class of enzymes are often secreted by these invasive cancer cells, and what do they do? Proteases Degrade the extracellular matrix at a tissue's boundary Cancer Oncology POM Y1
In the classification of neoplasms, what prefix is given to glandular epithelium, such as in cancers of the breast, pancreas or thyroid adeno- Cancer Oncology POM Y1
In medicine we need to assess tumour spread What three methods can we use to assess tumour spread Clinically Radiologically Pathologically Cancer Oncology POM Y1
"Harmartomas consist of a random mass of mature cells which are normally present in the ares. What is meant by the term ""heterotopia""?" Normal tissue found in an abnormal location in the body e.g. normal pancreas cells found in the stomach Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Harmartomas are typically benign tumours Whereas neoplasms represent cytological abnormalities, what kind of abnormalities do harmartomas represent? Architectural abnormality
e.g. in lung harmartomas, you get epithelial cells, cartilage and smooth muscle (all of which are normally present in the lung) growing randomly in a mass. Cancer Oncology POM Y1
"Harmartomas are one of three types of tumour What is meant by the term ""harmartoma""" localised benign overgrowths of one or more mature cell types Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Are harmartomas typically benign or malignant? Benign Cancer Oncology POM Y1
What is the name given to malignant tumours of lymphocytes lymphoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1
What is the name given to malignant tumours of White blood cells Leukaemia Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Give the name of the benign tumour and malignant tumour, for neoplasms of smooth muscle connective tissue Benign - Leiomyoma Malignant - Leiomyosarcoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Give the name of the benign tumour and malignant tumour, for neoplasms of the connective tissue of the bone Benign - Osteoma Malignant - Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Give the benign tumour and malignant tumour name for cancer of the squamous epithelium Benign - Squamous epithelioma or papilloma Malignant - Squamous cell carcinoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Give the benign tumour and malignant tumour name for cancer of the glandular epithelium Benign - Adenoma Malignant - Adenocarcinoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Give the benign tumour and malignant tumour name for cancer of the transitional epithelium (in bladder) Benign -Transitional papilloma Malignant - Transitional cell carcinoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Gene mutations accumulate over time as a result of independent events. Consequently, the path to cancer involves multiple steps. Describe briefly the micro evolution of a cancer cell (3) A series of mutations in a cell causes it to proliferate more than its immediate neighbors. As the cluster of dividing cells grows over time, further mutations turn atypical hyperplasia into a cancer (carcinoma). The spreading of cancer cells to other tissues and organs (metastasis) occurs when the adhesion of these cancerous cells breaks down, and they are able to travel easily to new locations. Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Describe the differences between benign and malignant tumours in terms of: Invasion Invasion:direct extension into adjacent connective tissue and blood Benign - no invasion Malignant - invasion or potential to invade Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Describe the differences between benign and malignant tumours in terms of: Metastasis Metastasis: spread via one of 5 routes Benign - no metastasis Malignant - have capacity to spread Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Describe the differences between benign and malignant tumours in terms of: Differentiation Differentiation:how much do the tumour cells resemble the normal ones
Benign - mainly appear normal Malignant - Higher nucler:cytoplasm ratio; more mitosis; abnormal mitosis e.g. tripolar; variable nuclear size and shape Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Describe the differences between benign and malignant tumours in terms of Growth Pattern Growth pattern: how much does the architecture of the tumour resemble normal tissue
Benign - Well defined Malignant - less well-defined Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Decipher the following term describing a tumour Leiomyoma Benign tumour of smooth muscle Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Decipher the following term describing a tumour
Adenocarcinoma malignant tumour of glandular epithelium Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Decipher the following term describing a tumour:
Squamous Papilloma benign tumuour of squamous epithelium Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Decipher the following terms describing a tumour Leiomyoma Adenocarcinoma Squamous Papilloma Lymphoma malignant tumour of lymphocytes Cancer Oncology POM Y1
"Classification of neoplasms must include a primary and a secondary description. In tumours of cartilage, the stem is ""chondro""
What name is given to a tumour of cartilage that is i)benign ii)malignant" i) benign - chondroma ii)malignant - chondrosarcoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Classification of neoplasms include a primary and a secondary description.
What is the suffix for i) a benign tumour ii) a malignant soft tissue tumour iii) a malignant eptithelial tissue tumour "i) benign tumour - ""oma"" ii)malignant: soft tissue - ""sarcoma""; epithelial tissue - ""carcinoma""
exceptions: Malignant tumours with the suffix ""oma"" Lymphoma Melanoma Hepatoma (better called liver cell cancer) some teratomas" Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Cells become cancerous after mutations accumulate Give 2 types of cancer-related mutations in cells -Growth-promoting genes becoming super active e.g. gene for the signalling protein Ras producing cells that are too strongly stimulated by growth receptors
-Mutuations that inactivate the tumour suppressor genes (genes that suppress cell proliferation or those that signal the need for apoptosis) e.g. mutations in p53 gene on both chromosomes, which acts as a transcription factor for checkpoint control genes Cancer Oncology POM Y1
Benign neoplasms end in -oma
Name 4 neoplasms which, despite ending in '-oma' are in fact malignant Lymphoma Melanoma Hepatoma (better called liver cell cancer) Teratoma (but not all are malignant) Cancer Oncology POM Y1
A tumour is any kind of mass forming lesion. Give the 3 different types of tumour (causes) Neoplastic Harmartomatous Inflammatory Cancer Oncology POM Y1
What is a Teratoma?
Tumors derived from {{c1::germ cells}} and can contain tissue derived from {{c2::all 3 germ layers (mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm)}}
When describing how bad a tumour is, what two features must be identified?
Briefly explain them Grade - how differentiated is the tumour (nucleus:cytoplasmic ratio; mitosis; nucleopolymorphism etc
Stage - using TNM Cancer Oncology POM Y1 When describing how bad a tumour is, we must include the Grade and Stage.
Describe the TNM method of describing the Stage of a Tumour T - Tumour (0-3: how big and how far it has spread)
N - Nodes (how many lymph nodes are involved)
M - Metastases (how far has it spread) Cancer Oncology POM Y1 "What is meant by the term ""tumour""?" Any kind of mass forming lesion Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Tumours can metastasise in 5 ways, one of which is via lymphatics.
What type of cancer tends to metastasise first via the lymphatics most epithelial cancers Cancer Oncology POM Y1 What is meant by a
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Teratoma
Lymphoma
Melanoma Carcinoma - malignant tumour of epithelial tissue
Sarcoma - malignant tumour of soft tissue
Teratoma - tumour derived from all 3 germ cell layers
Lymphoma - malignant tumour of lymphocytes
Melanoma - skin tumour Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Tumours can metastasise via direct extension
This includes fibroblastic proliferaiton, angiogenesis and an immune response. These are all as a result of what kind of response to the tumour stromal response Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Tumours can metastasise in 5 ways, one of which is haematogenous
What type of cancer tends to metastasise first haematogenously Most sarcomas Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Benign tumours are typically easy to deal with as they do not spread.
What characteristic of a benign tumour might cause it to be deadly? It's location
e.g. benign tumour of the brain pressing on vital structures Cancer Oncology POM Y1 There are 4 categories under which we can distinguish between benign and malignant tumours. Name them Invasion
Metastasis
Differentiation
Growth Pattern Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Neoplasms are one type of tumour. Naming of neoplasms is important.
What is the primary description
What is the secondary description Primary - cell origin
Secondary - whether it is benign or malignant Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Neoplasms are one of three types of tumour.
State and briefly describe the two types of neoplasm Benign - remains localised
Malignant - has invaded/has the potential to invade other tissues locally or at different sites Cancer Oncology POM Y1 "Neoplasia is one of three types of tumour
What is meant by a ""neoplasm""?" The autonomous growth of tissue which have escaped normal constraints on cell proliferation Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Name a type of malignant cancer which will rarely cause cell death Basal cell carcinoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Many scientists view the progression of cancer as a microevolutionary process.
What occurs at the cellular level, which allows the spreading of cancer cells to other tissues and organs (metastasis)? Adhesion of these cancer cells breaks down, so they are able to travel easily to new locations Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Malignant tumours are tumours which have spread or have the ability to spread
Describe the methods by which tumours can spread (5) Direct extension - occurs due to stromal response to the tumour (fibroblastic proliferation,angiogenesis,immune response)
Haematogenous - via blood vessels (generally in sarcomas)
Lymphatic - via lymphatics to lymph nodes
Transcoelomic - via body cavities where there is no resistance e.g. pleural cavities
Perineural - via nerves. Wherever the nerve goes, the tumour goes Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Invasive cancer cells, ones that metastasise, are able to create new passageways in tissues.
What class of enzymes are often secreted by these invasive cancer cells, and what do they do? Proteases
Degrade the extracellular matrix at a tissue's boundary Cancer Oncology POM Y1 In the classification of neoplasms, what prefix is given to glandular epithelium, such as in cancers of the breast, pancreas or thyroid adeno- Cancer Oncology POM Y1 In medicine we need to assess tumour spread
What three methods can we use to assess tumour spread Clinically
Radiologically
Pathologically Cancer Oncology POM Y1 "Harmartomas consist of a random mass of mature cells which are normally present in the ares.
What is meant by the term ""heterotopia""?" Normal tissue found in an abnormal location in the body
e.g. normal pancreas cells found in the stomach Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Harmartomas are typically benign tumours
Whereas neoplasms represent cytological abnormalities, what kind of abnormalities do harmartomas represent? Architectural abnormality
e.g. in lung harmartomas, you get epithelial cells, cartilage and smooth muscle (all of which are normally present in the lung) growing randomly in a mass. Cancer Oncology POM Y1 "Harmartomas are one of three types of tumour
What is meant by the term ""harmartoma""" localised benign overgrowths of one or more mature cell types Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Are harmartomas typically benign or malignant? Benign Cancer Oncology POM Y1 What is the name given to malignant tumours of lymphocytes lymphoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1 What is the name given to malignant tumours of
White blood cells Leukaemia Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Give the name of the benign tumour and malignant tumour, for neoplasms of smooth muscle connective tissue Benign - Leiomyoma
Malignant - Leiomyosarcoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Give the name of the benign tumour and malignant tumour, for neoplasms of the connective tissue of the bone Benign - Osteoma
Malignant - Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Give the benign tumour and malignant tumour name for cancer of the squamous epithelium Benign - Squamous epithelioma or papilloma
Malignant - Squamous cell carcinoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Give the benign tumour and malignant tumour name for cancer of the glandular epithelium Benign - Adenoma
Malignant - Adenocarcinoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Give the benign tumour and malignant tumour name for cancer of the transitional epithelium (in bladder) Benign -Transitional papilloma
Malignant - Transitional cell carcinoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Gene mutations accumulate over time as a result of independent events. Consequently, the path to cancer involves multiple steps.
Describe briefly the micro evolution of a cancer cell (3) A series of mutations in a cell causes it to proliferate more than its immediate neighbors.
As the cluster of dividing cells grows over time, further mutations turn atypical hyperplasia into a cancer (carcinoma).
The spreading of cancer cells to other tissues and organs (metastasis) occurs when the adhesion of these cancerous cells breaks down, and they are able to travel easily to new locations. Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Describe the differences between benign and malignant tumours in terms of:
Invasion Invasion:direct extension into adjacent connective tissue and blood
Benign - no invasion
Malignant - invasion or potential to invade Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Describe the differences between benign and malignant tumours in terms of:
Metastasis Metastasis: spread via one of 5 routes
Benign - no metastasis
Malignant - have capacity to spread Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Describe the differences between benign and malignant tumours in terms of:
Differentiation Differentiation:how much do the tumour cells resemble the normal ones
Benign - mainly appear normal
Malignant - Higher nucler:cytoplasm ratio; more mitosis; abnormal mitosis e.g. tripolar; variable nuclear size and shape Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Describe the differences between benign and malignant tumours in terms of
Growth Pattern Growth pattern: how much does the architecture of the tumour resemble normal tissue
Benign - Well defined
Malignant - less well-defined Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Decipher the following term describing a tumour
Leiomyoma Benign tumour of smooth muscle Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Decipher the following term describing a tumour
Adenocarcinoma malignant tumour of glandular epithelium Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Decipher the following term describing a tumour:
Squamous Papilloma benign tumuour of squamous epithelium Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Decipher the following terms describing a tumour
Leiomyoma
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous Papilloma
Lymphoma malignant tumour of lymphocytes Cancer Oncology POM Y1 "Classification of neoplasms must include a primary and a secondary description.
In tumours of cartilage, the stem is ""chondro""
What name is given to a tumour of cartilage that is
i)benign
ii)malignant" i) benign - chondroma
ii)malignant - chondrosarcoma Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Classification of neoplasms include a primary and a secondary description.
What is the suffix for
i) a benign tumour
ii) a malignant soft tissue tumour
iii) a malignant eptithelial tissue tumour "i) benign tumour - ""oma""
ii)malignant: soft tissue - ""sarcoma""; epithelial tissue - ""carcinoma""
exceptions:
Malignant tumours with the suffix ""oma""
Lymphoma
Melanoma
Hepatoma (better called liver cell cancer)
some teratomas" Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Cells become cancerous after mutations accumulate
Give 2 types of cancer-related mutations in cells -Growth-promoting genes becoming super active
e.g. gene for the signalling protein Ras producing cells that are too strongly stimulated by growth receptors
-Mutuations that inactivate the tumour suppressor genes (genes that suppress cell proliferation or those that signal the need for apoptosis) e.g. mutations in p53 gene on both chromosomes, which acts as a transcription factor for checkpoint control genes Cancer Oncology POM Y1 Benign neoplasms end in -oma
Name 4 neoplasms which, despite ending in '-oma' are in fact malignant Lymphoma
Melanoma
Hepatoma (better called liver cell cancer)
Teratoma (but not all are malignant) Cancer Oncology POM Y1 A tumour is any kind of mass forming lesion.
Give the 3 different types of tumour (causes) Neoplastic
Harmartomatous
Inflammatory Cancer Oncology POM Y1 What is a Teratoma?