Piping Design Reservoir Engineering

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The Pontryagin Maximum Principle has been used to determine the optimal transfers between arbitrary coaxial ellipses. The results are presented in graphical form. An algebraic technique was employed to solve the Hamiltonian equations and was programmed for a digital computer. This technique is described and an example is presented to illustrate how the curves may be used to determine an optimal transfer.

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The synthesis of minimum-fuel controls for a class of aerospace control problems is considered. The task is reduced to the corresponding synthesis problem for a proper linear model, and the determination of the control is carried out repeatedly, as soon as new measurement data are available. It is shown that the linear system can be treated by resolving three transcendent equations followed by resolving a system of linear equations.

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This chapter provides an overview of the significant developments that have taken place over the last decade, concerning advanced polymer composites in the civil engineering construction. It also discusses the techniques utilized in construction in order to manufacture advanced composites and to combine these composites with concrete and steel and gives illustrative examples of structures and bridge construction that are built from various all-composite fabrication systems. The technological revolution in materials and processing in all other sectors of the manufacturing industry has largely by-passed the construction industry. Few natural materials consist of one substance only, most are a mixture of different components which, when combined together, produce composites, which are more able to perform its function than a single substance.

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The mechanical and physical properties of the composite are controlled by their constituent properties and by micro-structural configurations. The reinforcing of a low modulus matrix with high strength and modulus fibers utilizes the visco-elastic displacement of the low-modulus matrix under stress to transfer the load to the fiber; this results in a high strength, high modulus composite. The transfer of loads and improved toughness provided by the matrix and the interface are prerequisites for the properties of the composite but the reinforcement is primarily responsible for these properties. Advanced composites offer greatly reduced maintenance compared with steel and concrete and, therefore, offer whole life cost benefits. Design costs of advanced composite applications are very high because of the complexity of the design process and the need to optimize material content.

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Composites are manufactured by the controlled distribution of one or more materials, the reinforcement, the first phase, is placed into a continuous matrix, the second phase, and the boundary between these two phases is the interface, which is the third phase. Generally, the interface maximizes the coupling between the two phases. Advanced polymer composite products are mixtures composed of a matrix resin and a fiber component. The fiber component may be inorganic like glass, or organic, like carbon or aramid and the matrix may be either epoxy resin or one of several different types of polyester resin. A wide variety of combinations is possible and hence no general statement can be made about the re-cycling of FRP products. Summary

In has been shown, in Section 2.5, that polymer materials must be reinforced with fibrous materials if they are to be used structurally, and by so doing a wide range of composites with varying mechanical properties will be obtained. The mechanical properties of the final composite will be dependent upon the following:

⊙ the method of manufacture

⊙ the type of the fibre used (viz. carbon, glass or aramid fibres)

⊙ the relative proportions of the polymer and fibre (fibre volume fraction)

⊙ the orientation of the fibre (viz. unidirectional, bi-directional aligned or randomly orientated).

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This chapter discusses some examples of structural systems that utilize polymer composite cables in bridge structures and composite rebars as reinforcement to concrete. Composite cable applications in infrastructure are used in the construction of suspension and stay cables for bridges, pre-stressed tendons for various concrete structures and external reinforcements for structural beams. In addition to the cable stays and pre-stressing tendons, another application for the utilization of advanced composites is reinforcement in reinforced concrete. Composites may be used when environmental adverse conditions corrode the steel in reinforced concrete.

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Key Features

• Designed as a comprehensive one-semester text in basic circuit theory
• Features early introduction of phasors and ac steady-state analysis
• Covers the application of phasors and ac steady-state analysis
• Consolidates the material on dependent sources and operational amplifiers
• Places emphasis on connections between circuit theory and other areas in electrical engineering
• Includes PSpice tutorials and examples
• Introduces the design of active filters
• Includes problems at the end of every chapter
• Priced well below similar books designed for year-long courses

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This is the only book on the market that has been conceived and deliberately written as a one-semester text on basic electric circuit theory. As such, this book employs a novel approach to the exposition of the material in which phasors and ac steady-state analysis are introduced at the beginning. This allows one to use phasors in the discussion of transients excited by ac sources, which makes the presentation of transients more comprehensive and meaningful. Furthermore, the machinery of phasors paves the road to the introduction of transfer functions, which are then used in the analysis of transients and the discussion of Bode plots and filters. Another salient feature of the text is the consolidation into one chapter of the material concerned with dependent sources and operational amplifiers. Dependent sources are introduced as linear models for transistors on the basis of small signal analysis. In the text, PSpice simulations are prominently featured to reinforce the basic material and understanding of circuit analysis.

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http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780122713507500080?showall=true

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PdfExcerptURL&_imagekey=3-s2.0-B9780122713507500080-main.pdf&_piikey=B9780122713507500080&_cdi=285440&_user=12958234&_acct=C000228598&_version=1&_userid=12958234&md5=48f46ce68f0833d30358b50b59050ae5&ie=/excerpt.pdf

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780122713507500080

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PdfExcerptURL&_imagekey=3-s2.0-B9780122713507500109-main.pdf&_piikey=B9780122713507500109&_cdi=285440&_user=12958234&_acct=C000228598&_version=1&_userid=12958234&md5=f2c492aec5e14dba529f6aa6b06992bc&ie=/excerpt.pdf