compiler: restore exception ids (release-8)

[AR-PyT]

ARTIQ Pull Request

Description of Changes

Continuation of #2549.

Related Issue

Type of Changes

	Type
✓	:bug: Bug fix

Steps (Choose relevant, delete irrelevant before submitting)

All Pull Requests

• [x] Use correct spelling and grammar.

Code Changes

• [x] Check, test, and update the unittests in /artiq/test/ or gateware simulations in /artiq/gateware/test

Licensing

See copyright & licensing for more info. ARTIQ files that do not contain a license header are copyrighted by M-Labs Limited and are licensed under LGPLv3+.