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Sound level measurements from audio recordings provide objective distance estimates for distance sampling wildlife populations DA Yip, EC Knight, E Haave‐Audet, SJ Wilson… - Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 2020
Entire 0.1-s windows were used for calculating amplitude modulation rate and temporal occupancy, since the sound duty cycle is relevant for measuring these metrics. However, if no 1024-point segment of a window presented a high SNR, the window was considered empty and parameters were not measured. To measure amplitude modulation rate, the envelope of each window was calculated using the Hilbert transform (Au 1993) and then low-pass filtered at 4 kHz (4-pole Butterworth filter). The modulation rate was then calculated as the centroid frequency of the spectrum of this filtered envelope (FFT of 24,000 points, equal to the duration of the 0.1-s window). Temporal occupancy was calculated as the average of the unfiltered envelope divided by the envelope maximum, for each window.
for tonality look at deepsqueak paper