Fix engine version dependencies for ROS2 and related gems for the o3de stabilization/2409 release

[spham-amzn]

What does this PR do?

Update ROS2 and related gems that were pointing to version 4.1.0 of the engine sdk to use the stabilization/2409 candidate version of 2.3.0 and add a new version of each of the updated gems.

The updated gems have been uploaded to

• https://github.com/o3de/o3de-extras/releases/download/2.0/proteusrobot-2.0.0-gem.zip
• https://github.com/o3de/o3de-extras/releases/download/2.0/ros2-3.1.0-gem.zip
• https://github.com/o3de/o3de-extras/releases/download/2.0/rosrobotsample-2.0.0-gem.zip
• https://github.com/o3de/o3de-extras/releases/download/2.0/warehouseautomation-2.0.0-gem.zip

How was this PR tested?

Used testing instructions based on https://www.docs.o3de.org/docs/learning-guide/tutorials/remote-repositories/create-remote-repository/

Fixes https://github.com/o3de/o3de/issues/18071

[amzn-changml]

Once this is merged, create a PR to https://github.com/o3de/canonical.o3de.org as well for the repo.json portion only