GitHub actions: fixes broken actions workflows and adds PR tests

[jpmcb]

Description

This PR does a few things:

• Fixes go tests in CI. Weirdly, there was an issue with how the 1.20 tag was getting used in the setup-go action. https://github.com/actions/setup-go/issues/326 Setting this verbosely to 1.20.x should fix this.
• Adds linting via the golangci-lint action
• Parallelizes the actions
• Adds a .gitignore
• Adds a make local target for building the go binary locally into a local build/ directory
• Ensure the makefile targets are all set to phony

What type of PR is this? (check all applicable)

• [ ] 🍕 Feature
• [x] 🐛 Bug Fix
• [ ] 📝 Documentation Update
• [ ] 🎨 Style
• [ ] 🧑‍💻 Code Refactor
• [ ] 🔥 Performance Improvements
• [ ] ✅ Test
• [ ] 🤖 Build
• [ ] 🔁 CI
• [ ] 📦 Chore (Release)
• [ ] ⏩ Revert

Related Tickets & Documents

Fixes #6

Mobile & Desktop Screenshots/Recordings

N/a

Added tests?

• [ ] 👍 yes
• [x] 🙅 no, because they aren't needed
• [ ] 🙋 no, because I need help

Added to documentation?

• [ ] 📜 README.md
• [ ] 📓 docs.opensauced.pizza
• [ ] 🍕 dev.to/opensauced
• [ ] 📕 storybook
• [x] 🙅 no documentation needed

[optional] Are there any post-deployment tasks we need to perform?

N/a

[optional] What gif best describes this PR or how it makes you feel?