Add support for lowering OpenQASM 3 arithmetic/math expressions to MLIR

[taalexander]

Adds support for:

• addition (, =) for integers and floats
• subtraction (, =) for integers and floats
• multiplication (, =) for integers and floats
• division (, =) for integers and floats
• modulo (, =) for integers and floats
• power (**) for integers and floats
• cos() for floats
• sin() for floats
• tan() for floats
• atan() for floats
• exp() for floats
• ln() for floats
• sqrt() for floats