Add ROS_SYNC_DATE to dockerfile busting cache for each sync

[mikaelarguedas]

Update generated dockerfiles based on https://github.com/osrf/docker_templates/pull/110

Wil solve #112 as the dockerfiles will be outdated and regenerated at each sync.

[ruffsl]

Related discussion: https://github.com/osrf/docker_images/issues/753#issuecomment-2151415286

[mikaelarguedas]

@nuclearsandwich @tfoote what do you think about this approach ? Some assumptions are made here:

• the fact that a tag <DISTRO_NAME>/<SYNC_DATE> exists on rosdistro implies that the packages for that sync are available on the main apt repo
• that the last tag in the sorted list of tags matching that distro is the latest (basically that the format /YYYY-MM-DD will be the only one used on rosdistro

How do you feel about adding a new environment variable that is not provided by ros_environment ? Any feedback on the ROS_SYNC_DATE variable naming ?

[mikaelarguedas]

upstream PR: https://github.com/docker-library/official-images/pull/17960