`TransactionExtension`: Update naming and support new transaction type.

[jsdw]

See eg https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/2280 and my comment here links to the bit showing the new encoding: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/2280#discussion_r1481193578 (though note that the actual extrinsic version will change to 5 for the new type based on latest comments).

Essentially right now we have:

• Unsigned TX: (call_data)
• Signed TX: (address, signature, extensions, call_data)

We'll add:

• Unsigned TX with extensions: (extensions, call_data)

We are also renaming SignedExtensions to TransactionExtensions and changing the traits in Substrate a bit for how they work.

On the Subxt side we should do something along the lines of:

1. Rename our SignedExtensions to TransactionExtensions (updating the other naming around these as appropriate, eg I think "additional signed" becomes "implicit"). 2 Rename our tx client methods to match the update, eg create_unsigned becomes create_bare.
2. Introduce a new method, maybe on the offline side of the tx client which can construct such an extrinsic (maybe create_general).

[jsdw]

An update on this with some changes and more detail:

The high level PR in PolkadotSDK is now (the above one was closed):

https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/3685

A couple of RFCs around this:

https://polkadot-fellows.github.io/RFCs/approved/0084-general-transaction-extrinsic-format.html https://polkadot-fellows.github.io/RFCs/approved/0099-transaction-extension-version.html

Basic summary from client PoV as I understand it:

Previously, we had Signed and Unsigned transactions.

Transactions are basically encoded by concatenating a "preamble + call_data".

The preamble starts with a single byte which can be inspected to see what type of transaction we'll need to decode.

• For old school unsigned transactions, the preamble is simply the byte b00000100 and nothing else.
• For old school signed transactions, the preamble is a b10000100 byte followed by the From Address, Signature and Signed Extensions.

These stay the same (although "unsigned transactions" are renamed to "Bare" transactions), but we'll now have two new types of transaction:

• "new" signed transactions, with a preamble of b10000101 byte followed by From Address, Signature, 1 byte denoting Signed Extension version (currently will be 0), and then Signed Extensions.
• General transactions, with a preamble of b01000101 byte followed by 1 byte denoting Signed Extension Version (currently will be 0) and then Signed Extensions.

Existing transactions stay the same and can be encoded and decoded the same way, but to encode/decode the new style transactions, we will look at the first byte and use that to know that we are dealing with new transactions and decode/encode them accordingly.

See https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/3685/files#diff-7be1730dfe08652baee2cb237c2d33df42c5eb85408639864c6a4a9223f0ca32R99-R133 for more on how the preamble is encoded/decoded

Another change is that "SignedExtension"s will be renamed to "TransactionExtension"s. These are the things like CheckMetadataHash,CheckMortality etc. The format for them doesn't change AFAIK, but we rename a couple of terms around them (eg "additional_signed" in the metadata will become "implicit" in metadata V16: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/3685/files#diff-da22df55e2e056a2b6230692383b8cef27777ede1e9aea39d237b558816d35d3R85).