planner: Fix predicate simplification panic caused by zero-argument expressions like rand() (#56947)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #56947

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #56270

Problem Summary:

What changed and how does it work?

When checking predicate type in predicate simplification, it will use arg[0] to judge if the arg is *expression.Column, however, "rand()" has 0 argument, which will lead a panic.

Check List

Tests

• [ ] Unit test
• [x] Integration test
• [ ] Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• [ ] No need to test

  • [ ] I checked and no code files have been changed.

Side effects

• [ ] Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• [ ] Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• [ ] Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• [ ] Affects user behaviors
• [ ] Contains syntax changes
• [ ] Contains variable changes
• [ ] Contains experimental features
• [ ] Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

None

[ti-chi-bot[bot]]

This cherry pick PR is for a release branch and has not yet been approved by triage owners. Adding the do-not-merge/cherry-pick-not-approved label.

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[ti-chi-bot[bot]]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is NOT APPROVED

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[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 0% with 3 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Please upload report for BASE (release-8.5@51e8310). Learn more about missing BASE report.

Additional details and impacted files

```diff @@ Coverage Diff @@ ## release-8.5 #57618 +/- ## ================================================ Coverage ? 55.1988% ================================================ Files ? 1768 Lines ? 626171 Branches ? 0 ================================================ Hits ? 345639 Misses ? 255246 Partials ? 25286 ``` | [Flag](https://app.codecov.io/gh/pingcap/tidb/pull/57618/flags?src=pr&el=flags&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=pingcap) | Coverage Δ | | |---|---|---| | [integration](https://app.codecov.io/gh/pingcap/tidb/pull/57618/flags?src=pr&el=flag&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=pingcap) | `22.7730% <0.0000%> (?)` | | | [unit](https://app.codecov.io/gh/pingcap/tidb/pull/57618/flags?src=pr&el=flag&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=pingcap) | `72.4829% <0.0000%> (?)` | | Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. [Click here](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/carryforward-flags?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=pingcap#carryforward-flags-in-the-pull-request-comment) to find out more. | [Components](https://app.codecov.io/gh/pingcap/tidb/pull/57618/components?src=pr&el=components&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=pingcap) | Coverage Δ | | |---|---|---| | [dumpling](https://app.codecov.io/gh/pingcap/tidb/pull/57618/components?src=pr&el=component&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=pingcap) | `52.9478% <0.0000%> (?)` | | | [parser](https://app.codecov.io/gh/pingcap/tidb/pull/57618/components?src=pr&el=component&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=pingcap) | `∅ <0.0000%> (?)` | | | [br](https://app.codecov.io/gh/pingcap/tidb/pull/57618/components?src=pr&el=component&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=pingcap) | `52.2841% <0.0000%> (?)` | |

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[ti-chi-bot[bot]]

@ti-chi-bot: The following tests failed, say /retest to rerun all failed tests or /retest-required to rerun all mandatory failed tests:

Test name	Commit	Details	Required	Rerun command
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/check_dev	76353580fb78e021054e294511333f3bdf522784	link	true	/test check-dev
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/check_dev_2	76353580fb78e021054e294511333f3bdf522784	link	true	/test check-dev2

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