feat(rust): add cluster_with_columns plan optimization

[coastalwhite]

This adds a new optimization pass for the query engine that clusters several sequential WITH COLUMNS calls.

When the optimizer spots a chain of WITH COLUMNS, it tries to pull expressions as close to the source as possible. If all expressions can be pulled up closer to the source, the WITH COLUMNS node is removed entirely.

[ritchie46]

When the optimizer spots a chain of WITH COLUMNS, it tries to pull expressions as close to the source as possible.

I think we must try to pull as close to the first WITH_COLUMNS. Closer to the source isn't per se beneficial, as the crossing operations like Filter and Join make those node more expensive.

[coastalwhite]

Currently, we only optimize sequential WITH_COLUMNS calls if there is nothing in between them. So at the moment, closer to source is roughly equal to first WITH_COLUMNS.

[coastalwhite]

I think this CI failure is a false negative

[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 88.84892% with 31 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 81.41%. Comparing base (ec08d76) to head (f9bee6f). Report is 4 commits behind head on main.

Files	Patch %	Lines
crates/polars-arrow/src/bitmap/bitmap_ops.rs	55.17%	26 Missing :warning:
crates/polars-arrow/src/bitmap/immutable.rs	0.00%	3 Missing :warning:
...src/logical_plan/optimizer/cluster_with_columns.rs	99.35%	1 Missing :warning:
crates/polars-plan/src/logical_plan/visitor/lp.rs	0.00%	1 Missing :warning:

Additional details and impacted files

```diff @@ Coverage Diff @@ ## main #16274 +/- ## ========================================== + Coverage 81.39% 81.41% +0.01% ========================================== Files 1406 1409 +3 Lines 183953 184497 +544 Branches 2958 2960 +2 ========================================== + Hits 149731 150206 +475 - Misses 33709 33776 +67 - Partials 513 515 +2 ```

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[coastalwhite]

I think this PR is mostly ready. Some points to specifically look at are.

• Maybe there needs to be additional tests, as this can be quite impactful.
• I am not sure if I am handling the ProjectionOptions correctly.
• I am not sure about the implementation of AExpr::Wildcard and AExpr::Function.
• There is currently a lot of to deal with making the Bitmap into an IndexSet. Perhaps, it is worth it just to make an index set. That is what the commented Bitset struct is. But if it is not wanted, I will just remove that before merging.
• I am currently ad-hoc adjusting the schemas as using IRBuilder would require more code. I think it is fine here, but maybe you don't agree.

[ritchie46]

Nice one! I have left a few comments.

[coastalwhite]

Maybe wait with merging this. I still need to add the traversal to check whether the optimization pass is even necessary

[coastalwhite]

Okay! This is ready to get merged :rocket:

[codspeed-hq[bot]]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #16274 will not alter performance

_{Comparing coastalwhite:opt-cluster-with-columns (f9bee6f) with main (4375930)}

Summary

✅ 37 untouched benchmarks