Drop support for unsupported Ruby, Rails, and PostgreSQL

[yevhenii-ponomarenko]

Summary

This PR brings updates to CircleCI config, Appraisal files, as well as creates a CHANGELOG.md file to keep track of those changes.

Tested versions before: PostgreSQL: 10 Ruby: 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 Rails: 4.0, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 6.0

Tested versions now: PostgreSQL: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Ruby: 2.7, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 Rails: 6.1, 7.0, 7.1

[yevhenii-ponomarenko]

Closed in favor of https://github.com/procore/handcuffs/pull/70